Intro to psych exam #3 part 2
Terms
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- Zygote
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Fertilized egg
Chromosomes from parents
23 each parent but 46 in all - 3 stages of Prenatal Development
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Germinal Period
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period - Germinal Period
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First 2 weeks
Rapid Cell division
Implanted in uterin wall
Embryo - Embryonic Period
- weeks 3-8 the organs and major systems, and sex organs show up. The amniotic sac cushions the baby. The umbilical cord provides nutrients, oxygen, and water. This also prevents blood from mixing.
- Teratogens
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The placenta cannot prevent against harmfull substances like
Raiation
Toxic industrial chemicals
Diseases
Drugs - Fetal Period
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3 months to birth
Amniocentesis- gather sample of amniotic fluid. Checks abnormalities.
Fetus is able to move its:
arms
legs
mouth
head
by 5 months- regular wake and sleep periods
by 6 months- brain activity almost the same as a newborn
by 7 months- double in weight. Gain 3-4 pounds of fat - Infant and Child Development
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Physical Development
Temperament
Social Development
Attachment
Language Development
Parenting - Apperance
- They look all wrinkly and have a cone head till it all smooths out over time
- Milestones in Infant Development
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3 months-rolling over
3.5 months-hold and reach for rattle
5.5 months-sit up
6 months- stand with help
11.5 months-stand alone
12 months-walking
17 months-walk up stairs only - Depth Perception
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Ellenor Gibson
she tested at 6 months and kids had a depth perception according to the test, but also tested a 2 month old and they also had it - Temperament
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Predisposition to behave and react in certian way
Strong genetic basis
Parents can help - Temperament Classification
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Easy-40%
Difficult-10%
Slow to warm up-15%
35% don't fit in to a group - Easy babies
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40%
Adapt to new experiences
Positive moods and emotions
regular sleeping and eating patterns - Difficult Babies
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10%
Intensely emotional
Irritable
Fussy
Cry a lot - Slow to warm up babies
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15%
Low activity levels
Withdraw from a new situations and people
Adapt gradually - Social Development
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Gerally positive
If good before adolescence you will be the same way in adolescence
Friciotn inevitable
Peers - Social smile
- The smile comes out with a social stimuli
- Self-Awareness
- They are aware their own body
- Separation Anxiety
- Hits when 8-24 months
- Stranger Anxiety
- Feat of strangers 8-12 months
- Attachment
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Emotional bond formed between infant and caregiver
Harry Harlow-monkey study
Attachment Styles- Secure and Insecure - Secure Attachment Style
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Parents are consistently:
Warm
Responsive
Sensitive to infant's needs
They love mom and dad - Insecure Attachment Style
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Parents are:
Neglectful
Inconsistent
Insensitive to infant's needs
Don't know what kinda of parents they are getting each day - Strange Situation
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Mary Ainsworth
Explain situation- MOm and baby come in room, they play around. Then stranger enters room and plays. Then mom leaves and strangers plays with child. Then mom returns and stranger leaves - Strange Situation Results
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Securely attached
Secure base- mom
Shows distress- when mom leaves
Can be comforted- by stranger
greets mother- mom - Strange Situation Results continued
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Insecurely attached:
anxious
inconsolable
ignores mother
Types of insecure attachment
Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized - Avoidant
- no contact with mom, sad when left and stranger didn't help
- Resistant
- didn't explore enviorment, had to peel of mom
- Disorganized
- dazed and confused
- Language Development
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Noam Chomsky
Biological Predisposition
Language comprehension before language production - By 3 months
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cooo sound
Ahhh sound
Repetition of vowel sounds - By 5 months
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babble
ba- ba- ba
Repetition fo meaningless language sounds - By 12 months
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momma
Single-word stage - Between 18-20 months
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Vocabulary of 50 words
Put 2 words together - By 24 months
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Daddy go
Put 3 words together
Telegraphic speech
150 words - Parentese or child directed speech
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speech used when talking to infants
Marked by:
Raised voice
short, simple sentences
repetition - Purposes of Parentese
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Simplify
Attract and maintain
Teach - Simplfy
- short and to the point only
- Attract and maintain
- Say loud enough to listen to
- Teach
- try to get them to say short phrases
- Parenting Styles
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Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive - Authoritarian
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follow the rules
Do it cause I said so
Most fathers follow this type
Children have withdrawls from situtations - Authoritative
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Parents are willing to explain rules and punishments
Children are resposible, reliant, high academic, and have high self-esteem - Permissive
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Rules, may be strict but they are not enforced or followed through.
Children have drinking problems, low self esteem, low academics - Effective Parenting
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Have a stable rules of conduct that are consistent.
Show mutual respect, love, encouragement, and shared enjoyment.
I messagae tells the child the effect it had on the parent.
You messages are threats - Differences in Parenting
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Mothers are nurturing
Fathers are the playful types - Theories of Development
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Cognitive
Psychosocial - Cognitive Development
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Most influential theory
Jean Piage
Child actively make sense of enviornment
Children are blank slates - More Cognitive Development
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Continuous, and gradual
Biological programmed
Hereditary and environmental
4 distinct stages:
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concert Operational
Formal Operational - Sensorimotor
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Birth to 2 years
Acquire knowledge through senses
Out of sight out of mind
By end object permanence - Preoperational Stage
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ages 2-7
Symbolic thought
Words,images,and symbols for representations
Language acquistions
Fantasy and imagination
Egocentrism
Irreversibility
Centration
Consevation
2 equal physical quanitites remain equal even if the appearance is changed - Egocentrism
- the lack of ability to see it from someone elses view
- Irrevesibility
- can not mentally reverse a sequence of events
- Centration
- Tendency to focus on one aspect ove conversation
- Concrete Operational Stage
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around the age of 7
Capable of true logical thought
Understand conservation
Hypothetical or abstract - Formal Operational Stage
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Around adulthood
Think logically
Deal with hypothetical situtations - Psychosocial Develpment
- Erikson's Theory
- Erikson's Theory
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8 stages
Each contain conflict
Must be resolved for healthy development - 8 Stages
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Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Initative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. role confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego integrity vs. despair - Adolescence
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Transitional stage between childhood and beginning of adulthood
Ends with adult roles and responsibilities
Job and pay bills - Puberty
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Attaining reproductive capacity
Begins in early teens- girls 11-12yrs, guys-12-13yrs
Proceeds unevenly - Sex Characteristics
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Primary Sex Characteristics
Sex organs directly involved with reproduciton (Vagina, Penis)
Secondary Sex Characteristics
not directly related to reproducion, and they signal sexual maturity (breast, pubic hair, facial hair) - Physical Development
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Girls-Menarche
Female's first menstrual period
Age 12(10-15)
Boys-Testicular enlargement
Age 12 and 13 - Sexual Development
- As physical development increases so does interest in sex.
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Adult and Late Development
Physical Changes -
Examples of changes- menopause
Genetics and environment- tanning will increase the number of wrinkles
Menopause -
Adult and Late Development
Social Relations -
Adults have fewer friends
Females disclose more
Males do more -
Adult and Late Development
Having Children -
Marring at a later age (30)
Waiting later to have children
Being a parent at an older age
eases adjustments
more physically demanding
Martial satisfaciont decreases with birth of child
Increases when children leave home
No empty nest syndrome -
Audlt and Late Development
careers - 1/3 of people switch occupations
- Late adulthood and Aging
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Average lif expectancy is
Men = 74
Women = 79
Old age is often associated with
Poor health
Inactivity
Social isolation
Mental and Physical incompetence
This is all inaccurate!!!!! - Nursing Home Rates
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Only 5% of people over age 65 live in nursing homes
Fewer then 20% after age 85 live in a nursing home - Declines
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Small number
Fluid Abilities-ability at speed, and learning
Crystalized Abilities- ability at skills and knowledge
Can minimize declines- athletics