Bio Exam 2, 3, and 4
Terms
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- The majority of crustaceans live in
- Marin habitats
- A situation in which the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration is called
- zero population growth
- Which of the following is NOT true of parasites?
- They inflect serious injury and quickly kill their hosts
- Which annelid structure resembles the ancestral structure from which the vertebrate kidney evolved?
- Trachea
- A(n) ___ provides support and protection to arthropods.
- Shell
- Which of the following is true of phloem?
- Connects leaves to roots & Transports plant-manufactured organic products ( Both B and D)
- The GGC gene
- Codes for an enzyme that produces a toxin
- ____ are a source of soft limestone formations of chalk.
- Coccolithophores
- The flagellate spores found in chytrids and microspordians indicate that
- their fungal ancestors lived in aquatic environments
- The first phylum min which ALL members have a complete digestive system was
- Nematoda
- Four of the five animals below are in the same phyla. Select the exception.
- Salamanders
- Nitrogen fixation is a process that
- converts nitrogen gas into ammonia, which photosynthetic organisms can use
- Biological magnification refers to the _______
- accumulation of toxic pollutants in animals
- Land available for agriculture is decreasing, primarily due to
- salinization from irrigation
- microspore
- spore type that produces pollen
- A(n) ______ species is a dominant species that control community structure.
- Keystone
- What type of organisms make up the "red tide"?
- dinoflagellates
- If the population's doubling time is 40 years, then the annual growth rate (as calculated by the rule of 70) is
- 1.75%
- ____ can be said to be near the boundary between nonliving and living, while _____are just inside it
- Viruses; prokaryotes(bacteria)
- Most of the people in the world today live
- in developing countries and near the coast (Both B and C)
- Which of the following statements describes the value of fungi in the environment?
- Fungi release elements from organic matter
- Which of the following is true regarding Trichomonas vaginalis?
- It is a parasite, It attaches to the epithelial linning of the reproductive tract, It is a flagellated parabasalid, Untreated infections damage the urinary and reproductive tracts
- The organisms that are most vulnerable to the effects of DDT are
- top carnivores
- In a oak forest of the American northeast, one example of the habitat component of the ecosystem would be
- sunlight that filters through the tree canopy
- Genetic variation in the ciliate Paramecium is the result of
- haploid micronuclei are exchanged during conjugation
- Mycorrhizae are
- fungus and tree root mutualistic associations
- The element released from sewage that is most likely to result in oxygen depletion from an aquatic ecosystem is
- sulfur
- The animal phylum that contains the greatest number of known species is
- Chordate
- Rotifers possess
- Cilia
- All animals are classified as
- None of the above
- A flattened terrestrial arthropod predator with venom and usually one pair of lets per segment is a
- Millipede
- Which of the following are heterotrophs
- primary carnivores, herbivores, carnivores, detritivores, decomposers
- The triploid tissue that results from double fertilization becomes the
- endosperm.
- Bilateral symmetry means an animal has
- A front and a back, with a leading and a trailing end
- megaspore
- spore type that develops inside ovules
- Seed ferns
- early dominant seed-bearing plants that were replaced by gymnosperms
- The currents of water (containing food) that pass through a sponge are created by
- Collar cells, resembling choanoflagellates
- Rusts and smuts are
- plant pathogens
- Unlike prokaryotes, protest cells
- divide by mitosis and/or meiosis
- The _____ include Welwitschia in hot African deserts and Gnetum of humid tropical regions
- C
- The majority of ciliates, sporozoans, and flagellated protozoans are characterized as
- heterotrophic & unicellular (both C and D)
- ___ are the most numerous animals in aquatic habitats; eaten by other invertebrates, fishes, and whales.
- Lobsters
- The first group to exhibit an amniotic egg belonged to the
- Amphibians
- The position of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull enables researchers to determine if a primate
- Stands upright
- The number of individuals in a population that can be sustained indefinitely in an environment is known as
- carrying capacity
- The most successful class within the most biologically successful phylum is of the
- Trilobite
- Calcium carbonate remains of the protozoans _____ and ______ are incorporated into impressive deposits of limestone.
- Foraminiferans; coccolithophores
- The initial, rapid expansion of angiosperms late in the Mesozoic is related to their coevolution with
- insects
- Which of the following statements concerning mosses is false?
- Mosses have independent sporophytes
- Fingers that can touch the thumb are
- Opposable
- Worms with a well-developed, closed circulatory system (including five pairs of hearts) are:
- Rotifers
- What are the unique devices used by insects for respiration?
- Tracheas
- An excess of which of the following elements in aquatic systems likely accounts for massive algal blooms?
- Phosphorus
- Internal bony jaws of vertebrates are believed to have been produced through the evolutionary modification of
- Anterior gill support bars
- The gastrodermis is
- Part of the mesoglea
- Which of the following countries has established the most extensive and rigidly enforced family-planning program
- China
- The principal difference between a saprophytic and parasitic mode of nutrition is
- determined by the source of the nutrients
- Mollusks DO NOT include
- Nudibranchs
- Amphibians require either standing water or at least a moist habitat for
- Movement
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and human variant (vCJD, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) are likely caused by
- prions
- The ultimate source of all energy in a terrestrial ecosystem is
- sunlight
- Imperfect fungi are those that lack (or do not show)
- sexual reproduction
- On the evolutionary tree, the first phylum with organs was
- Nematoda
- The total fertility rate (TFR)
- is the average number of children born to a woman in a population, has dropped substantially since 1950, of 2.1 is considered replacement level
- The human population is currently following a J-shaped curve. This means that the population is growing
- exponentially
- Which of the following is a body cavity that contains a lining that encloses organs, protecting and holding them in place?
- The gastrodermis
- Most of the energy within an ecosystem is lost
- as a result of metabolism
- The most numerous subclass of bony fishes are the
- Coelacanths
- In fishes ancestral to land vertebrates, pouches in the gut wall developed into
- The notochord
- The amniotic egg, also called the land egg, refers to the presence of
- A membrane surrounding the embryo
- Four of the five organisms listed below follow a type II survivorship curve. Select the exception
- elephants
- Sharks and rays also differ from most other fish in that they lack
- Lungs
- Trichoplax
- Belongs to the Porifera
- A cohort is
- a group of individuals of species of the same age.
- Key specializations that occurred in the evolution of mammals include
- All of these
- The first known primates were characterized as
- Arboreal
- Which of the following classes/phyla is NOT a protostome group?
- Mollusks
- Cellular slime molds can be distinguished from plasmodial slim molds on the basis of
- nuclei per cell in the aggregated form
- The interaction between two species in which both species may be harmed is known as
- competition
- The photosynthetic protists that are thought to have given rise to the plants are
- Green algae
- Plants became erect, taller, and branched as a result of their ability to produce
- lignin
- 56. Which were the first organisms that did not require water for reproduction?
- Cycads
- Amphibians most likely evolved from
- Placoderms
- The resemblance of Lithops, a desert plant, to a small rock is an example of
- camouflage
- About half of the United States population obtains drinking water from
- groundwater
- What membrane structure provides nourishment for developing mammalian embryos until the placenta forms?
- Albumin
- The amount of energy moved through a detrital food web is ____ that of a grazing web.
- About twice as much as
- What group dominated the Carboniferous period and is now burned as coal?
- Seedless vascular plants
- Reptiles regulate their body temperature
- By having a thick layer of fat around most internal organs
- The structure that people typically refer to as a "mushroom" is in reality the
- basidiocarp
- The gymnosperm whose extract has been used for weight loss is
- Ephedra
- Sponge gemmules
- Capture food
- This fungal group includes species which cause
- black bread mold
- Nutrients and energy move differently through the ecosystem in that _____.
- Nutrients can be recycled, but energy moves in one direction through the ecosystem.
- Amniotes differ from earlier vertebrates by
- Their three-chambered heart
- Green algae and advanced land plants are similar in all EXCEPT which of the following characteristics?
- Haploid dominant life cycles
- The interactive between two species in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed is
- predation
- Which feature is shared by freshwater euglenoids and paramecia?
- Contractile vacuoles
- The main method of asexual reproduction in yeasts is
- budding
- An example of primary succession would be
- establishment of coral reef on new lava flow into ocean
- A water-vascular system is characteristic of the phylum
- Arthropoda
- The ______ are the most ancient lineage of protests.
- Parabasalids and diplomonads
- The pyramid of energy illustrates
- the diminishing of usable energy as it is transferred through an ecosystem
- Holdfasts, gas-filled floats, and a thick, leathery surface are found in species of
- brown algae
- Which of the following statements concerning the placenta is incorrect?
- It is entirely a maternal structure
- Which bryophyte was used for bandages during World War I
- peat moss
- Bilateral symmetry is characteristic of
- Sponges
- The structure labeled "A" in the figure above is a(an)
- basidium
- Ecosystems obtain essential raw materials from
- the components of water molecules, mineral ions dissolved in water, the weathering of rocks, the atmosphere
- The sport type that produces pollen is the
- microspore
- About 40,000 years ago, what kind of evolution replaced biological evolution in the shaping of modern humans?
- culture
- A high metabolic rate is necessary in order for birds and mammals to regulate
- Locomotion
- Which of the following invertebrates is most closely related to the vertebrates?
- Mollusks
- Which of the following phyla is characterized by radially symmetrical members?
- Chordata
- In a natural community, which of the following are found on ALL consumer trophic levels?
- Decomposers
- In which of the following habitats does carbon remain free for the shortest time?
- Tropical forests
- The major difference between plants and fungi is that fungi
- have a heterotrophic form of nutrition
- Chronic clogging of the lymphatic system by ___ results in a condition called elephantiasis.
- Cnidarians
- A digestive tract is complete if it
- Is surrounded by muscle
- The most biologically diverse habitat on Earth is
- the tropical rain forest
- 20. Red algae can live in deeper water because of their
- dark red and blue pigments
- Amphibian adaptation to land include
- More efficient circulatory system
- If a population is growing at a rate of 5.0%, then the approximate doubling time (as calculated by the rule of 70) is
- 14 years
- pollination
- arrival of pollen grains on female reproductive structure
- A J-shaped growth curve is converted to an S-shaped one
- when the limits imposed by carry capacity is reached
- Type II survivorship curves
- indicate a fairly constant rate of death at all ages
- The body of a fungus is generally composed of
- Mycelia
- Which of the following organisms exhibits cephalization?
- Sea anemone
- Which disease is not caused by virus?
- Cholera
- The greatest concentration of nitrogen on Earth is found in
- the atmosphere
- The term "eutrophic" means "full of _____".
- Nutrients
- Which of the following results if reproduction occurs early in the life cycle?
- Population growth rate increases
- The tetse fly transmits the trypanosome that causes _____>
- African sleeping sickness
- Which of the following is NOT one of the trends of vertebrate evolution?
- Nerve cord expanded into brain
- Ostracoderms lost out in evolutionary competition to animals
- With an exoskeleton
- Four of the five organisms listed below do not have vascular tissue. Select the exception
- ferns
- Adaptations which aid birds in flight include
- Enlarged sternum for muscle attachment
- Four of the five factors listed below are density-independent factors. Select the exception
- nutrient supply
- Which of the following are NOT dependent on the others as a source of food?
- Producers
- Rotifers are about the same size as which of the following?
- Nematodes
- Which of the following worms is NOT related to the other four?
- Pinworms
- During the life of a tunicate, the notochord
- Develops during adulthood
- Which of the following represents the earliest stage in primary succession?
- Moss and lichens on bare rock
- Which of the following groups does NOT have either epithelial or connective tissues?
- Flatworms
- What is the first phylum to have an organ specifically for respiration (gills)?
- Annelida
- Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?
- Water and carbon dioxide
- ovule
- female reproductive parts that become the seed
- Trichoplax is classified as a
- Sponge
- The interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is
- commensalisms
- Four of the five plants listed below are heterosporous. Select the exception
- ferns
- Flatworms are believed to have evolved from
- Sponges
- Euglenoids
- that are green have a unique eyespot that shields their light receptor
- The most diverse and successful group of vertebrates includes
- Birds
- Which of the following is NOT a chelicerate?
- Mosquito
- As the baby boomers generation enters retirement (Beginning in 2010)
- the US government will have to provide increased subsidized medical care and other social programs, the cohort will require social services for a longer period of time than any other cohort so far, the cash contributions made by baby boomers to Social Security will be less than their requirements, there will be fewer workers contributing to Social Security to support the Boomers
- The ability of some animals to eat plants that contain toxic compounds may be an example of
- coevolution
- Social parasites
- complete their life cycle using behavior of another species
- Angiosperms are more advanced than gymnosperms because gymnosperms lack which structure found in angiosperms?
- Flowers
- Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatest POSITIVE impact on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?
- Continuing wet and rainy conditions
- Increasingly complex land plants developed as the _____, more resistant to cooler, drier, to unfavorable conditions, became dominant.
- Sporophyte
- Nematocysts are
- The opening into the digestive cavity
- The term for free-floating or weakly swimming, microscopic members of Kingdom Protista is
- plankton
- The abundant stramenophiles that are most efficient at fixing carbon dioxide, and play a major role in global cycling of carbon are
- diatoms
- Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution?
- Birds/reptiles/amphibians/fish/mammals
- Sources of a thickening, emulsifying agent found in ice cream, salad dressing, beer, toothpaste, cough syrup, and floor polish are the
- brown algae
- Chimeras and rays differ from the majority of fish in that they lack
- Paired appendages
- Typically, viruses include ______ around their nucleic acid
- a protein coat
- A fungal cell that contains two separate haploid nuclei is known as a
- dikaryon (dikaryotic)
- The organisms that represent the different species within an ecosystem that interact in various ways comprise the
- community
- A disease caused in the US by drinking contaminated water from mountain streams is
- Giardiasis
- The sexual life cycles are known for how many major groups of fungi?
- Three
- Four of the five organisms listed below are protists that form pseudopods. Select the exception.
- Diatoms
- Bryophytes are different from other land plants in that
- they do not have roots and stems
- Chordate embryos display all but which of the following unique features?
- Dorsal tubular nerve cords
- What is the notochord used for?
- As a respiratory structure
- Which of the following organisms is a primary consumer?
- Cow
- A consumer on the fourth trophic level eats
- primary carnivores
- The club fungi are members of which of the following?
- Basidiomycota
- Most freshwater algae belong to which phylum?
- Chlorophytes
- Gauses's experiments with Paramecium growing in test tubes demonstrated that
- organisms with very similar feeding habits may compete to the point of extinction
- The term "Arthropod" means
- Fleshy foot
- Gametophytes are
- haploid plants that produce gametes
- The class of mollusks that includes snails, slugs, limpets, and nudibranchs is the
- Bivalve
- Changes in population size can be measured in terms of
- immigration, births, emigration, deaths
- What type of competition has occurred when one organism uses physical or behavioral interactions to limit the access of other individuals to resources?
- Interference
- The largest phylum of gymnosperms includes the
- conifers
- A person can become ill with malaria after
- being bitten by an Anopheles mosquito
- Food contaminated with _______ sickens as many as 80 million people annually in the United States
- Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Listera
- Which of the following conditions demonstrates the area effect model of island biodiversity patterns?
- Larger islands have more diversity than smaller islands the same distance from the source area
- Marsupials fill niches in Australia that are filled by placental mammals in other parts of the world because
- They were introduced to Australia by accident and do not have any native competitors or predators
- Geographic dispersal refers to
- successful movement of community from its home range to a new one
- Fungi are most closely related to _____, with who they share an amoeboid ancestor
- animals
- When under attack, ciliates can eject sticky, harpoon-like threads from structures called
- trichocysts
- The location of the eyes on the front of the head in later primates ins especially important in
- Predatory behavior
- The primary method of removing CO2 from the atmosphere is through
- photosynthesis by autotrophs
- Which of the following are craniates?
- Reptiles
- The total number of individuals that contribute to the gene pool defines the populations
- size
- What happens to most of the water that evaporates from the oceans?
- It precipitates onto the oceans
- The mollusk group that includes the fastest, largest and smartest invertebrates is the
- Gastropods
- Mammals are placed into three subclasses based on their method of
- Embryonic development and care
- controlled fires are started in national forests
- to promote the development of climax communities, such as sequoia trees
- Insects such as monarch butterfly larvae are brightly colored so that they will
- discourage predators
- The development of a protective layer of _____ allowed organisms to survive above the surface of the water
- ozone
- A network of actions that involve the cycling of materials and the flow of energy between community and environment is which of the following?
- Ecosystem