Bio Lab Chapter 12
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- Photosynthesis equation
- 6CO(2)+12H(2)O--->C(6)H(12)O(6)+6H(2)O+6O(2)
- Photosynthesis is dependent on what?
- light and chlorophyll
- Photosynthesis converts ___ to ___
-
-carbon dioxide and water
-sugar, water, and oxygen - After photosynthesis, oxygen is ___ and sugar is ___
-
-released to the environment
-stored as starch, a polysaccharide - In the photosynthesis equation, water molecules from the left side ___
- split to release electrons during the photochemical reactions
- In the photosynthesis equation, product water molecules ___
- are assembled from hydrogen and oxygen released during the photochemical and biochemical reactions
- names for biochemical reactions
-
-Calvin Cycle
-dark reactions - characteristics of photochemical reactions
-
-fast(practically instantaneous)
-light-dependent
-splits water to release oxygen, electrons, and protons - characteristics of biochemical reactions
-
-slower than photochemical, but still extremely fast
-light-independent
-converts(fixes) carbon dioxide to sugar - a substance that absorbs light
- pigment
- the primary photosynthetic pigments that absorb light for photosynthesis
- chlorophylls a and b
- pigments that absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a
- accessory pigments (carotenes, xanthophylls)
- how does paper chromatography work?
- pg. 126
- a technique for separating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll
- paper chromatography
- what are the colors of the pigments on chromatography paper?
-
chlorophyll a:blue-green
chlorophyll b:yellow-grean
carotenes:yellow
xanthophylls:yellow-orange - the pigments that move higher are ___ to the chromatography solvent in terms of ___
-
-more similar
-molecular size, polarity, and solubility - pigments absorbed strongly move ___
- slowly
- pigments absorbed weakly move ___
- fast
- what is chromatography paper made of?
- cellulose
- Definition of Rf value
- ratio of distance moved by pigment to distance from point of origin to solvent front
- order pigments on solubility in chromatography solvent (least->greatest). Which had the highest Rf value? Why?
-
-Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a, xanthophyll, carotene
-carotene had highest Rf value because it moved the easiest/farthest - If yellow xanthophylls were in the extract, why did the extract appear green?
- the amount of chlorophyll outnumbered the amount of xanthophyll
- Is it possible to have an Rf value greater than 1?
- No, movement will always be less than the solvent front.
- what is an instrument that separates white light into its component colors?
- spectroscope
- light not visible in an extract has been ___
- absorbed
- colors on a spectroscope range from ___
- red to VIOLET
- In ___, the photon absorbed from the illuminating radiation excites an electron that is initially in the ground state to a higher state. This excited electron then falls to a lower level, but not immediately back to the ground state, emitting a longer-wa
- fluorescense
- pH indicator
- phenol red (phenol-sulfonphthalein)
- phenol red turns ___ in an acidic solution and ___ in a neutral to basic solution
-
-yellow
-red - When we added CO(2) to the phenol red, it turned ___. Adding a photosynthesizing plant caused it to turn back to its original color(___). Why did this happen?
-
-yello
-red
-The plant used CO(2) for photosynthesis which made the solution less acidic. - uptake of carbon dioxide equation
-
H(2)O+CO(2)<-->H(2)CO(3)<-->H^+^+HCO(3)^-^
water+carbon dioxide(breath)<-->Carbonic acid<-->hydrogen ion+bicarbonate ion - what was the name of the plant we used to test the uptake of carbon dioxide?
- elodea
- the biochemical reactions of photosynthesis occur on ___
- photosynthetic membranes
- in bacteria, biochemical reaction occur on the ___
- cell membrane
- in plants and algae, biochemical reactions take place on the ___ which are located in the ___
-
-thylakoids
-chloroplast - thylakoids are stacked to form columns called ___
- grana
- grana are held in place by ___
- lamallae
- this semiliquid bathes the interior of the chloroplast and contains the enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions
- stroma
- the production of starch requires ___
- light and chlorophyll
- what causes different colors on leaves?
- different pigments/combinations of pigments
- why do leaves change colors in the fall?
- there is not enough light or water to use chlorophyll for photochemical reactions. the chlorphyll breaks down and what is left are orange and yellow xanthophylls and carotenes.