Anatomy
Terms
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- geniohyoid
- Origin - Medial surface of mandible. Insertion - Body of hyoid. Action - Draws hyoid cranially., anterior surface of the hyoid, assists in elevating the larynx or depressing the mandible
- Respiratory System
- brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs.
- mentalis
- Origin - anterior mandible; Insertion - chin; Action - elevates and protrudes lower lip, pulls chin up as in pouting; nerve - CN VII (facial).
- Connective Tissue
- tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells
- mylohyoid
- Origin - Inner surface of mandible; Insertion - Median raphe of hyoid; Action - Raises floor of mouth; nerve - CN V (Trigeminal).
- inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- Origin - On the thyroid cartilage it arises from the oblique line on the side of the lamina, from the surface behind this nearly as far as the posterior border and from the inferior cornu. From the cricoid cartilage it arises in the interval between the Cricothyreoideus in front, and the articular facet for the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage behind; Insertion - fibrous raphé in the posterior median line of the pharynx; action - as soon as the bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictores contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus.elevator; nerve - CN X (Vagus Nerve)
- posterior belly of digastric
- Origin - mastoid notch on the medial surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and a deep groove between the mastoid process and the styloid process called the digastric groove; Insertion - intermediate tendon of the hyoid bone; action - opens the jaw when the masseter and temporalis are relaxed; nerve - CN VII (facial).
- Larynx
- Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract, consists of 9 cartilages, which are composed of hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis. If anything except for air enters this, a cough reflex attempts to expel the substance
- Skeletal Tissue
- AKA voluntary- AKA striated- multinucleate( many nuceli) ex. skeletal muscles - moves the bones (Muscular Tissue) - actin & myosin protein, myofilament, muscle fiber, fasciculus, muscle
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- respiratory organs that aren't contained within the thorax; includes nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
- Pectoralis Major
- a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm, origin: Medial half clavicle(clavicular head).Sternum(sternal head). Cartilages of first 6-7 ribs., insertion: Crest of greater tubercle along bicipital groove.
- Pelvic Girdle
- joined in front at pubic symphysis--at back attached to sacrum= sacroillac joint, ossa coxae (ilium + ischium + pubis), the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates
- Sacrum
- 5 sacral vertebrae fuse into one triangular-shaped bone • sacral promontory • lateral surfaces articulate with the ilia to form the sacroiliac (SI) joints • 4 pairs of ventral and 4 pairs of dorsal sacral foramina (for the transmission of ventral and dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves)
- mandible
- The mandible is composed of a body, a ramus on either side, and bilateral coronoid and condylar processes with a mandibular notch in between. A mental foramen is located inferior to the second premolar tooth on each side symphasis
- Articulatory System
- the system of joints in the body
- Internal Intercostal Muscles (Interchondral Portion) (Accessory Muscle of Inhalation)
- elevate the ribs and inflate the lung when they contract. The Intercostales interni (Internal intercostals) are eleven in number on either side. They commence anteriorly at the sternum, in the interspaces between the cartilages of the true ribs, and at the anterior extremities of the cartilages of the false ribs, and extend backward as far as the angles of the ribs, whence they are continued to the vertebral column by thin aponeuroses, the posterior intercostal membranes. Each arises from the ridge on the inner surface of a rib, as well as from the corresponding costal cartilage, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below. Region and Best View: Thoracic and anterior. Origin: Inferior surface of ribs (anterior medial). Insertion: Superior surface of lower rib.
- Levator Costarum
- 12 pairs of mucles located in the thoracic region elevates ribs, connects the transverse processes to the ribs and raises the ribs during inspiration.
- medial pterygoid
- Origin - pterygoid process of sphenoid bone; insertion - medial surface of mandibular ramus; action - elevates mandible, moves it side to side, also protracts mandible, pterygoid plate, mandible; nerve CN V (Trigeminal nerve).
- Skeletal Framework of the Lower Respiratory Tract (Thoracic Cavity)
- the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
- Inferior costal facet
- The inferior costal facet (or inferior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the bottom of a vertebra
- Phonatory System
- regulates the production of voice and the prosodic or intonation aspect of speech
- Systems
- work simultaneously, are not independent, and operate through feedback loops
- salpingopharyngeus
- Origin - inferior part of the cartilage of the auditory tube in the nasal cavity; Insertion - blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle; action - raises the pharynx and larynx during deglutition and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up; nerve - CN X, CN XI (Facial nerve).
- stylohyoid
- Origin - styloid process of temporal bone; Insertion - hyoid; action - move hyoid up and back; nerve - CN VII (Facial Nerve).
- superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
- Origin - submucous fibrous layer close to the epiglottis and from the median fibrous septum; Insertion - the edges of the tongue; action - Shortens the upper part of the tongue; nerve - CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve).
- Lower Respiratory Tract
- All structures including Including and Below Larynx [Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Lungs]
- transverse thoracis
- Origin - costal cartilages of last 3-4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid process; insertion - ribs/costal cartilages 2-6; nerve - intercostal nerves; action - depresses ribs.
- Organs
- body parts that work together to perform a specific function. They make up a system (cardiovascular system, etc.)
- levator veli palatini
- Origin - temporal bone, eustachian tube; Insertion - palatine aponeurosis; action - bulk of soft palate and sling for soft palate, raises the vertical position of the soft palate into a horizontal position and to pull the palate backwards, primary palatal elevator; nerve - CN X (Vagus nerve)
- masseter
- Origin - Zygomatic arch and bone; Insertion - Ramus of mandible; action - elevates and protrudes mandible; nerve - CN V (Trigenimal nerve).
- Sagittal Plane
- any plane parallel to the median plane, , Superficial ~ Deep, Superior ~ Inferior, Anterior ~Posterior, NOT Lateral ~ Medial
- platysma
- Origin - Deltoid & Pectoralis major; Insertion - Inferior border of mandible; action - Depresses lower lip; nerve - CN VII (Facial).
- genioglossus
- Origin - Medial surface of mandible; Insertion - Root of tongue; Action - Draws root of tongue forward, moves hyoid up; nerve - CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve).
- Vertebral Column
- Part of the Thoracic Cavity, the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord, has 5 functional levels
- Superior costal facet
- The superior costal facet (or superior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the top of a vertebra
- Muscle contraction
- (physiology) a shortening or tensing of a part or organ (especially of a muscle or muscle fiber), made up of motor units and innervation ratio
- risorius
- Origin - fascia of masseter; Insertion - corner (angle) of mouth; action - retracts corners of mouth, superficial to buccinator; nerve - CN VII (Facial).
- Ribs
- Part of the Thoracic Cavity, The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.
- Gross Anatomy
- a branch of anatomy that deals with the macroscopic structure of tissues and organs
- Muscular System
- The bodily system that is composed of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue and functions in movement of the body or of materials through the body, maintenance of posture, and heat production.
- Pelvic Girdle
- Part of the Thoracic Cavity, A bony or cartilaginous structure in vertebrates, attached to and supporting the hind limbs or fins
- hyoglossus
- Origin - entire superior surface of greater cornu of hyoid; insertion - dorsum (side) of tongue; action - moves hyoid up/ moves tongue down, Retracts tongue; nerve - CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve).
- palatoglossus
- Origin - palatine aponeurosis; Insertion - posterior side of tongue; action - raises the back part of the tongue, depresses soft palate; nerve - CN X (Vagus nerve).
- Pharynx
- Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract, throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx, a muscular passageway about 13cm long, commonly called the throat it is a common psgwy for food and air
- Elastic Cartilage
- matrix packed with elastic fibers, making it more flexible. found in external ear and epiglottis of larynx (Connective Tissue)
- Sternum
- the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs, manubrium: triangular superior portion. body: the middle largest portion. xiphoid process: inferior, smallest portion.
- Motor unit
- A motor neuron and all the all the skeletal muscle cells it innervates. Large motor units are typically found in large muscles (e.g., the thighs and buttocks) and produce fross movements. Small motor untis are found in smaller muscles (e.g. the rectus muscles that controle movements of the eyeball, the fingers) and produce more precise movements.
- Ribs
- bones around the lungs, which expand and contract to make room for the lungs to fill with air. They protect the lungs as well. All ribs are attached in the back to the thoracic vertebrae. The upper seven true ribs (costae verae, vertebrosternal ribs, I-VII). are attached in the front to the sternum by means of costal cartilage. Due to their elasticity they allow movement when inhaling and exhaling. The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs are called false ribs (costae spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs, VIII-X), and join with the costal cartilages of the ribs above
- Serratus Posterior Superior
- a thin quadrilateral muscle of the upper and dorsal part of the thorax, Origin: Spinous Process of C7-T3. Insertion: ribs 2-5. Innvertaion: 2-5 intercostal nerves.
- Orbicularis Oris
- Origin - Mandible and Maxilla; Insertion - Skin and muscle of mouth; Action - Protrudes the lips (the kissing muscle); Nerve - VII (Buccal branch of the facial nerve)
- palatine bone
- It is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid.It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it enters into the formation of two fossæ, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossæ; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure.The palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a Horizontal plate of palatine bone and a Perpendicular plate of palatine bone and three outstanding processes—viz., the Pyramidal process of palatine bone, which is directed backward and lateralward from the junction of the two parts, and the Orbital process of palatine bone and Sphenoidal process of palatine bone, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The palatine articulates with six bones: the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, vomer and opposite palatine posterior nasal spine
- Alveoli
- Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system.
- Cervical Vertebrae
- *7 vertebrae (C1 - C7) smallest & lightest *C3-C7 have oval body, short spinous processes and large triangular vertebrael foramina *The atlas C1 - no body, No spinous process, first set of seven bones, forming the neck
- Fibrocartilage
- cartilage that is largely composed of fibers like those in ordinary connective tissue (Connective Tissue)
- Hyaline Cartilage
- translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages (Connective Tissue)
- lateral pterygoid
- Origin - pterygoid process of sphenoid bone; insertion - condyle of mandible; action - depresses, protracts mandible (opens mouth), moves it side to side; nerve - CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
- zygomatic major
- Origin - anterior of zygomatic bone; Insertion - Modiolus of Mouth; action - elevates and retracts upper lip. Nerve: CN VII (Buccal branch of facial nerve).
- Pectoral Girdle
- A bony or cartilaginous structure in vertebrates, attached to and supporting the forelimbs or anterior fins, consists of scapula and clavicles
- tensor veli palatini
- Origin - medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone; Insertion - palatine aponeurosis; action - Tenses and lowers the palatal aponerosis, pulls open the auditory tube from its lateral wall, allows the ears to pop, tenses and flattens soft palate; nerve - CN V (Trigeminal nerve), only soft palate muscle not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus..
- Superior pharyngeal constrictor
- Origin - the lower third of the posterior margin of the medial pterygoid plate and its hamulus (Pterygopharyngeal part), the pterygomandibular raphé (Buccopharyngeal part), the alveolar process of the mandible above the posterior end of the mylohyoid line (Myolopharyngeal part), and by a few fibers from the side of the tongue (Glossopharyngeal part); Insertion - median raphé, pharyngeal spine on the basilar part of the occipital bone; action - As soon as the bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictores contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus; Nerve - CN X (Vagus nerve); Landmarks - sinus of Morgagni.
- sphenoid
- butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull
- condylar process
- is posterior to the coronoid process
- True Ribs
- 14, upper 7 pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilages
- vomer
- thin trapezoidal bone of the skull forming the posterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum
- Frontal / Coronal Plane
- separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts, Superficial ~ Deep, Superior ~ Inferior, Lateral ~ Medial, NOT Anterior ~Posterior
- Medial / Midsagittal Plane
- separates body into Right and Left parts
- middle pharyngeal constrictor
- Origin - whole length of the upper border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, from the lesser cornu, and from the stylohyoid ligament; Insertion -the posterior median fibrous raphé; action - As soon as the bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictores contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus; nerve - CN X (Vagus nerve).
- Transverse costal facet
- The transverse costal facet (or transverse costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the transverse process of a vertebra.
- Superior articular facet
- Spinal joint that faces upward and limits movement, protects spinal cord
- Physiology
- a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved
- Abdominal Muscles
- The abdominal muscles are a group of 6 muscles that extend from various places on the ribs to various places on the pelvis. They provide movement and support to the trunk, often called the core. They also assist in the breathing process.
- temporalis
- Origin - Temporal fossa; Insertion - Coronoid process of mandible; Action - Closes jaw, retracts mandible (jaw closed at rest), Elevates and retracts mandible; nerve - CN V (Trigeminal nerve).
- styloglossus
- Origin - Styloid process of temporal bone; Insertion - Bottom and lateral aspects of tongue; Action - Retracts tongue; nerve - CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve).
- Smooth Tissue
- th muscle tissue found in the intestines and inside blood cells and is mostly involuntary (Muscular Tissue)
- Muscle Innervation
- the distribution of nerve fibers to an organ or body region
- Digestive System
- provides the body with nutrients, water, and electrolytes essential for health. These organs serve to ingest, digest, and absorb food and eliminate the remains
- anterior belly of digastric
- Origin - digastric fossa of the mandible; Insertion - Intermediate tendon on the greater cornu of the hyoid bone; action - opens the jaw when the masseter and temporalis are relaxed; nerve - CN V (Trigeminal nerve).
- Muscular Tissue
- contain subunits called MYOFIBRILS which contain two types of contractile protein microfilaments, ACTIN AND MYOSIN.
- Cardiac Tissue
- Muscle tissue that forms most of the walls of the heart (Muscular Tissue)
- Sternum
- Part of the Thoracic Cavity, the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs
- Muscle Insertion
- WHERE A MUSCLE ENDS
- Bone
- rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (Connective Tissue)
- Microscopic Anatomy
- a branch of anatomy that deals with the minute structure of animal and plant tissues as discernible with the microscope
- Muscle Action
- What the muscle does
- Thoracic Muscles
- deep muscles of upper back; origin, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae; insertion, next superior transverse process; action, abducts thoracic vertebrae; nerve supply, dorsal primary rami of thoracic nerves. SYN: musculi intertransversarii thoracis [TA], thoracic intertransverse muscles.
- transverse tongue muscle
- Origin - median fibrous septum; Insertion - submucous fibrous tissue at the sides of the tongue; Action - Decreases lateral dimention of the tongue; nerve - CN XII (Hypoglossal).
- Mouth
- Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Intakes food ( ingestion)- mechanical digestion occurs: teeth ( molars- grind, canines- biting, incisors- tearing): tongue pushes food around: saliva is produced by salivary glands; starch ---> disaccharides ( 2 sugar molecules)
- Bronchi
- Part of the Lower Respiratory Tract, two tubes that branch from the trachea; one tube leads to each lung
- Sternocleidomastoid
- rotates face to opposite side, laterally flexes head to same side. origin is manubrium (clavical) of sternum, insertion is mastoid process of temporal bone. Best View: Neck (anterior).
- Floating Ribs
- 11-12, lowest two pairs of ribs; attached only to the vertebral column
- Innervation ratio
- the number of neurons needed to innervate one muscle
- External Intercostal Muscles (Accessory Muscle of Inhalation)
- eleven in number on either side. They extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front, where they end in thin membranes, the anterior intercostal membranes, which are continued forward to the sternum. Each arises from the lower border of a rib, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below. In the two lower spaces they extend to the ends of the cartilages, and in the upper two or three spaces they do not quite reach the ends of the ribs. They are thicker than the Intercostales interni, and their fibers are directed obliquely downward and lateralward on the back of the thorax, and downward, forward, and medialward on the front. Region & Best View: Thoracic and Anterior. Origin: Inferior surface of ribs. Insertion: Superior surface of lower rib.
- maxilla
- The alveolar process of the maxilla holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. The maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones (cheek bones). The maxilla assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities: the roof of the mouth the floor and lateral wall of the nasal antrum the floor of the orbit The maxilla also enters into the formation of two fossae: the infratemporal and pterygopalatine, and two fissures, the inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary. Each half of the fused maxilla consists of:The body of the maxilla The zygomatic process The frontal process The alveolar process The palatine process. Infraorbital foramen The maxillary sinus . Artics: two of the cranium: the frontal and ethmoid seven of the face: the nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, vomer, and the adjacent fused maxillary bone. anterior nasal spine
- functions of the Respiratory System
- Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration (intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).
- Nervous Tissue
- composed of highly specialized cells called NEURONS that are specialized for the reception of stimuli and the transmission of nerve impulses to various parts of the body.
- Muscle Origin
- place where the muscle originates
- depressor anguli oris
- Origin - tubercle of mandible; Insertion - modiolus of mouth; action - pulls upper lip down, compresses lips; nerve - CN VII (Facial).
- transversus abdominis
- Origin - Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and cartilages of inferior six ribs; Insertion - Xiphiod process, linea alba, and pubis; Nerve - Thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12, iliohypogastric nerve, and ilioinguinal nerve; Action - compresses abdomen.
- levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
- Origin - upper frontal process of the maxilla; insertion - the skin of the lateral part of the nostril and upper lip; action - It dilates the nostril and elevates the upper lip, enabling one to snarl ("The Elvis muscle"); Nerve - CN VII (buccal branch of facial nerve).
- Scalenes
- Origin: Cervical vertebrae (transverse process) Insertion: First two ribs Action: Elevates ribs; flex and rotate neck
- Horizontal / Transverse Plane
- separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts, Superficial ~ Deep, Anterior ~Posterior, Lateral ~ Medial, NOT Superior ~ Inferior
- lungs
- the main organs of respiration consisting of 3 LOBES ON THE RIGHT and 2 LOBES ON THE LEFT located at the front of the chest or thorax. When oxygen is transferred to blood and CO2 is removed from the blood and exhaled. Top = apex , Superficial surface = costal surface, Bottom = base (concave), Deep surface = mediastinal surface. Lung Covering: Plurae = fluid-producing membranes that are fibrous and elastic, Visceral (pulmonary) plurae = coats surface of lungs, Parietal plurae = coats lining of thoracic cavity, Negative pressure between visceral and parietal plurae, Plurae provide an airtight seal between lungs and thoracic cavity, Lungs are not directly attached to any muscles.
- Vertical Tongue Muscle
- Origin - aponeurosis of the dorsum; Insertion - aponeurosis of the inferior surface; action - decreases the superior to inferior dimension of (flattens) the tongue; nerve - CN XII (hypoglossal nerve).
- False Ribs
- lower 5 pairs, first 3 attached to sternum of 7th ribs, lowest 2 pairs dnt (floating ribs)
- Applied Anatomy
- the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment
- Lungs
- Part of the Lower Respiratory Tract, two spungy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration, soft, spongy organs that occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum, which houses the heart, bronchi, esophagus, and other organs
- Nose
- Part of the Upper Respiratory Tract, the main entrance to the respiratory system. It works as the maintenance. It filters, moistens, and heats or cools the air that Is being inhaled. The cilia or nose hairs filter the air trapping dust and pollen. The mucous membrane lines the n ose and it is made of capillaries which help trap dust as well and moisten and heat the air that goes throough the nose.
- Descriptive Anatomy
- that part of anatomy which treats of the forms and relations of parts, but not of their textures.
- Skeletal System
- The bodily system that consists of the bones, their associated cartilages, and the joints, and supports and protects the body, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
- Inferior articular facet
- Spinal joint that faces downward
- Epithelial Tissue
- membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
- Pectoral Girdle
- Part of the Thoracic Cavity, A bony or cartilaginous structure in vertebrates, attached to and supporting the forelimbs or anterior fins
- palatopharyngeus
- Origin - palatine aponeurosis and hard palate; Insertion - upper border of thyroid cartilage; action - narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, pulls pharynx and larynx; nerve - CN X (Vagus nerve).
- Cells
- the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing
- cricopharyngeal muscle
- This is the horizontal muscle located at the top of the oesophagus.
- buccinator
- Origin - mandible and maxilla (lateral to molar teeth); Insertion - orbicularis oris (lateral portion of upper/lower lips, angle of mouth); action - compresses cheeks inward (blowing air, whistling, dizzy gillespie), aids in mastication, presses cheek against molar teeth; Nerve - CN VII (Facial nerve)
- Anatomy
- a branch of morphology that deals with the structure of organisms -- compare
- levator anguli oris
- Origin - maxilla; Insertion - Modiolus; action - Draws corner of the mouth up and assists in closing the mouth by drawing lower lip upward, shows canines; nerve - CN VII (Facial nerve).
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- vertebrae of the lower back region, There are five these. They can be recognized by several features. They have a short, blunt spinous process that projects in a posterior direction. Their transverse processes project laterally and are relatively long. They have relatively small vertebral foramina since the spinal cord is very thin by the time it gets to this region. The articulations between these vertebrae are in a sagittal plane. In the adult the body is relatively large when compared to vertebrae from other regions
- Diaphragm
- This organ is primarily skeletal muscle. Functionally it is very important because it is responsible for most breathing at rest. It is dome shaped. In humans it's origin is along its outer margin to the deep surface of the bony thorax, costal cartilage of the ribs 7 to 12, sternum, and lumbar vertebrae 1 through 3. The insertion is at the central tendon. The phrenic nerve serves this organ. sternal two fleshy slips from the back of the xiphoid process. costal the inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent portions of the lower six ribs on either side, interdigitating with the Transversus abdominis. costal the inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent portions of the lower six ribs on either side, interdigitating with the Transversus abdominis.
- Coccyx
- 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse into one triangular-shaped bone, focal point for muscle (e.g., coccygeus) and ligament (e.g., sacrotuberous ligament) attachment
- Pectoralis minor
- a skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs, origin: 3rd,4th,5th ribs-anterior surface., origin: 3rd,4th,5th ribs-anterior surface.
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine, Vertebral bodies are slightly wedge-shaped (thicker posteriorly) and are responsible for the kyphotic curvature of thoraic spine. Fact joints are aligned more in the frontal plane, allowing more rotation and side bend than flexion and extension. Spinous processes are long and slender and point inferiorly in standing. They become very prominent when a person bends forward. Each thoracic vertebra has 6 costal facets (demifacets) -superior and inferior facets on each side of the vertebral body and on on each transverse process., the 12 rigid thoracic vertebrae articulate with 24 ribs and support the thorax. Thoracic vertebrae are characterized by long slender spines and heart shaped bodies, but are distinguished from the other vertebrae by facets for rib articulation. Thoracic vertebrae, except for 11 and 12 have transverse processes with facets for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. Have bodies with demifacets* for articulation with head of the ribs (* technically called demifacets because they are literally articulating with 1/2 of the head of a rib, but literature often loosely refers to these as facets so you can refer to them either way), T1-T12, vertebrae with circular vertebral foramen and long spinous process
- internal intercostal (interosseous portion)
- Origin - Inferior surface of ribs (bony parts); Insertion - superior surface of lower rib; Nerve - intercostal nerves; Action - have a large expiratory effect, but this effect decreases dorsally and cranially.
- Trachea
- Part of the Lower Respiratory Tract, membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
- abdominal obliques (internal & external)
- Origin - linguinal ligament, Iliac crest and the Lumbodorsal fascia; Insertion - Linea alba, Xiphoid process and the inferior ribs; Nerve - peripheral n. VPR; Segmental N. T6-12, L1; Action - Compresses abdomen; unilateral contraction rotates vertebral column to same side.