PSYC 100 (UMUC)
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Define psychology
- The SCIENTIFIC study of behavior and mental processes
- What is scientific observation?
- An empirical investigation that is structured to answer questions about the world
- What is research method
- A systematic approach to answering scientific questions
- What is an animal model?
- In research, an animal whose behavior is used to discover principles that may apply to human behavior.
- Wha is description in the scientific research?
- It is the process of naming and classifying
- What is an understanding in psychology?
- It is achieved when the causes of a behavior can be stated
- What is prediction?
- It is an ability to accurately forecast behavior
- What is control?
- It is altering conditions that influence behavior
- Who is Wilhelm Wundt? What is he known for?
- The "father of psychology" who set up the first psychological laboratory to study conscious experience
- What is stimulus?
- Any physical energy that affects a person and evokes a response
- What is introspection?
- to look within; to examine one's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
- What is structuralism?
- The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements
- Who is William James? What did he do?
- An American scholar who broadened psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, abnormal behavior, and other interesting topics
- What is functionalism?
- School of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments
- What is natural selection?
- Darwin's theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions
- Who came up with the theory of behaviorism? What is behaviorism?
- John B. Watson; it is a school of psychology that emphasizes the study of ovret, observable behavior
- Who is B.F. Skinner?
- A behaviorist who believed that our actions are controlled by rewards, or positive reinforcers; he created the "Skinner box" where he presented stimuli to animals and record their responses
- What is a response?
- Any muscular action, gladular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior
- Cognitive behaviorism
- An approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (perception, thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior
- Gestalt psychology
- A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts
- Who is Sigmund Freud?
- An Austrian doctor who was developing his own psychology theories. According to him, our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires-especially those concerning sex and aggression.
- What is Freud known for?
- Creating psychoanalysis, the first "talking therapy"
- What is the unconcious?
- Contents of the mind that re beyond awareness, especially impulses anddesires not directly known to a person
- What is psychoanalysis
- A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts
- What is psychodynamic theory
- Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
- Who were the "foremothers" of psychology?
- Mary Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, and Margaret Washburn
- Who is Abraham Maslow?
- The founder of humanistic psychology. He was interested in studying people of exceptional mental health
- What is humanism?
- An approach to psychology that focuses on himan experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
- What is determinism?
- The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known
- What is free will?
- The idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions
- What is self-actualitzation?
- The process of fully developing one's personal potentials
- What are the five major views that shape modern psychology?
- Psychodynamic, behavioristic, humanistic views, cognitive and biopsychological perspectives
- What is positive psychology?
- It is the study ofhuman strengths, virtues, and effective functioning
- What is cultural relativity?
- The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs
- What is a social norm?
- Unspoken rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group
- What is a psychologist?
- A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology
- What is a clinical psychologist?
- A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
- What is a counseling psychologist?
- A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of MILDER emotional and behavioral disturbances
- What is a psychiatrist?
- A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
- What is a psychoanalyst?
- A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis
- What is a counselor?
- A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems not involving SERIOUS mental disorder; for example, marriage counselors, career counselors, or school counselors
- What is a psychiatric social worker?
- A mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics and hospitals
- What is a scientific method?
- Testing the truth of a proposition by careful measurement and controlled observation
- What is a hypothesis?
- It is the predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relatinship between variables
- What is an operational definition?
- Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, "hunger" might be defined as "the number of hours of food deprivation."
- What is a theory?
- A system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observations
- How do psychologists gather evidence and test hypotheses?
- Through naturalistic observation, correlational method, experimental method, clinical method, and survey method
- What is a naturalistic observation?
- Observing behavior as it unfolds in natural settings
- What is correlational method?
- Making measurements to discover relationships between events
- What is experimental method
- Investigating behavior through controlled experimentation
- What is survey method?
- The use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions.
- What is an observer effect?
- The changes in behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed.
- What is anthropomorphic error?
- The error of attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way of explaining their behavior.
- What is correlation?
- The existence of a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, measures, or variables.
- What is correlational study?
- A non-experimental study designed to measure the degree of relationship (if any) between two or more events, measures, or variables.
- What is coefficient of correlation?
- A statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation.
- What is a positive correlation?
- An increase in one measure is matched by an increase in another measure.
- What is a negative correlation?
- An increase in one measure that is associated with a decrease in another measure.
- What is an experiment?
- A formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a fact or principle.
- What is an independent variable?
- In an experiment, the condition being investigated a s apossible cause of some change in behavior. the values that this variable takes are chosen by the experimenter.
- What is dependent variable?
- In an experiment, the condition (usually a behavior) that is affected by the independent variable.
- What is extraneous variable?
- Conditions or factors excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment.
- What is experimental group?
- In a controlled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental condition.
- What is control group?
- In a controlled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variable.
- What is random assignment?
- The use of chance (for example, flipping a coin) to assign subjects to experimental and control groups.
- What is the placebo affect?
- Changes in behavior due to expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect.
- What is a single-blind experiment?
- An arrangement in which subjects remain unaware of whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.
- What is a double-blind experiment?
- An arrangement in which both subjects and experimenters are unaware of whether subjects are in the experimental group or the control group.
- What is the experimenter effect?
- Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions.
- What is a case study?
- An in-depth focus of all aspects of a single person.
- What is natural clinical test?
- A natural event that provides data on a psychological phenomenon.
- What is representative sample?
- A small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population.
- What is courtesy bias?
- The tendency to give "polite" or socially desirable answers.
- What is critical thinking?
- An ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critiques, and synthesize information.
- What is psedopsychology?
- Any false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior.
- What is unciritical acceptance?
- The tendency to believe generally positive or flattering descriptions of oneself.
- What is fallacy to positive instances?
- The tendency to remember or notice information that fits one's expectations while forgetting discrepancies.
- What is the Barnum effect?
- The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.