VLAC 300 PIGGIES Midterm
Terms
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BREEDING WEIGHTS SOWS
4 CATAGORIES -
Light
`` 115 - 150 kg
Medium
`` 150 - 175 kg
Heavy
`` 175 - 200 kg
Very Heavy
`` 200 - 225 kg -
GESTATIONAL FEEDING
EARLY LATE
GILTS SOWS -
Sows normally fed 1 - 2 x per day
`` 4 - 6 x per day for automatic systems
Early Gestation
`` Gilts
`` `` Overfeeding (>2.5 kg/day)
`` `` `` reduces progesterone
`` `` `` tf increase embryo mortality
`` Multiparous sows
`` `` feed according to body condition
Late Gestation
`` Gilts and Sows from 100 day to farrowing
`` `` feed levels increased by 1 - 1.5 kg/day
`` `` `` support fetal growth
`` `` `` avoid mobilization of body fat -
LACTATION FEEDING STRAGEGIES
5 -
Sows fed 2 - 4 x per day
Sows generally have a low intake on day of farrowing
Water flow rates
`` >= 2L / min
Feed intake
`` gradually increased
`` esp during 1st week of lactation -
LACTATING SOWS...
SUCCESFUL HERD PERFORMANCE... - Is Dependent on Maximizing feed intake as Early as possible
-
RECCOMMENDE FEEDING LEVELS DURING LACTATION
5 TIME INTERVALS -
Kg / day
Day of Farrowing
`` 1.5 to 2.0
Day 1 and 2
`` 3.5
Day 3 - 7
`` Increase feed intake daily
`` meet minimum target by day 7
Day 8 - 13
`` Hold at MINIMIMUM target level
Day 12 - Weaning
`` Increase gradulally to sow appetite
`` may require 3 meals / day -
UNDER FEEDING LACTATION SOWS
4 CONSEQUENCES -
Poor reproductive performance
`` sows take longer to return to estrus
`` reduced pregnancy rate
`` increased embryo mortality
Early Culling form herd
`` lower % of sows return to estrus
Excessive weight loss
Reduced milk yield
`` reduced weaning weights - NUTRIENT RESTICTION IN ANY WEEK OF LACTATION...
-
Will significantly reduce
`` sow fertility
`` subsequent litter's
`` `` weight gain
`` `` embryo survival weight -
WEIGHT LOSS IN LACTATING SOWS
TARGETS
FACTOIDS -
Target
`` to have enough protein to sustain lactation and maintain fertility
`` 175 kg live weight at first farrowing
`` `` exclude conceptus and placenta
`` tf 135 kg at breeding
Sow weight loss in lactation usually consists of both protein and fat
Subsequent Reproductive Performance
`` Maternal protein is more important than lipid loss
`` tf Protein is sow's most valuable resource -
SOW LACTATION FEED INTAKE
5 GENERAL FACTORS -
Ambient Environment
`` Air velocity
`` Temp
`` Evaporative Cooling
`` Humidity
`` Ventilation Rates
Facilities and Equipment
`` Feeder Design
`` Floor Surface
`` Crate Design
Sow Factors
`` Lactation Length
`` Litter Size
`` Genetics
`` Parity
`` Disease
Gestation Feed Intake
`` overfeeding in gestation reduces lactation intake
Feeding Management
`` Feeding Frequency
`` Amount per feeding
`` Feed Monitoriing -
SOW LACTATION FEED INTAKE
6 EXAM WORTHY FACTORS -
Body Condition at Farrowing
`` consequence of gestational intake
`` lactation intake declines when backfat levels exceed 18 - 19 mm
`` severe when > 24 - 25 mm
`` depends on genotype and maybe parity
Over feeding in early lactation
`` tranisent reductions in intake
`` `` not significant
`` long term reductions in intake
`` `` > 48 hrs potentially significant
Sow and Litter Illness
`` systemic disease in sow
`` sow constipation
`` udder congestion and aglactia
`` Mastitis
`` MMA - Mastitis, Metritis & Aglactia Syndrome
`` scours in litter
Parity
`` Gilts eat less than sows
`` finicky when first enter crate
Room Temperature
`` heat reduces intake
`` 18 - 19 deg C
`` `` warm enough to pervent piglet chilling
`` `` cool enough to stimulate appetite
Feed Form and Availablility
`` feeding frequency stimulates appetite
`` `` early 2x/d
`` `` late 3x/d
`` Wet feed stimulates appetite
`` water flow 2L/min
`` add water to feed trough - CALCULATING DAY 7 MINIMUM TARGET
-
1.5 kg for sow maintenance
Plus
0.5 kg per piglet -
ROOM FLOW
3 CONSIDERATIONS -
Sanitation
`` wash
`` disinfect
`` dry prior to entry
`` `` washing aerosolizes pathogens
Pig Movement
`` preferably AIAO
`` continuous flow out of vogue
`` `` old or small farms
`` `` overflow rooms
Room number increases with weaning age -
FARROWING SOWS INDIVIDUALLY HOUSED
3 WHYS -
Reduces Preweaning Mortality
`` crushes
`` injuries
`` savaging
Enables indiviual sow feeding
`` remember magic day 7 minimum
Creates Micro Environment for Piglets
`` Room 18 - 19 deg C
`` Piglet Creep
`` `` 35 deg C at farrowing
`` `` gradually reduced -
FARROWING CRATE DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS 4 -
Farrowing Crate
`` 24" width
`` 7.5' - 8' length
`` 5' - 6' pen width
Flooring
`` non slip
`` plastic warm for piglets
`` cast iron or metal
`` `` repels sleepy piglets
`` `` cool for sow
Feed
`` Bucket Feed
`` dry or wet
Water
`` Sow nipples
`` `` 2 L/min
`` `` 75 - 90 cm height
`` `` close to feeder
`` piglet nipples optional - NORMAL GESTATION LENGTH
-
Normal Range
`` 111 - 119 days
Majority
`` 114 - 116 days
Move into crates
`` 4 - 5 days in advance of normal -
PRE FARROWING PROCEDURES
5 -
Vaccinate
`` prevent piglet scours
`` `` E coli, rotavirus
`` prevent erysipelas (diamond skid disease)
`` `` Gilts 5 & 2 weeks pre farrow
`` `` sows 2 weeks pre farrow
Reduce Feed Intake
`` empty GI
`` lower dystocia
Transfer sows to farrowing room
`` day 110 - 112
Scrape manure behind sows daily
`` want piglets to get colostrum before manure
Raise Room Temp for farrowing
`` 21 - 23 deg C (from 18)
`` 35 is what piglets would like -
FETAL CORTISOL AND PARTUITION
WHY
FETAL EFFECTS 4 -
Natural rise in fetal cortisol is required
`` farrowing iduction
`` maturation of fetal tissue
Effects
`` Liver - glycogen deposition
`` GIT - AB absoption
`` Lung - surfactant production
`` Skeletal muscle - maturation -
FARROWING INDUCTION
5 WHYS -
Facilitate cross fostering and neonatal care
`` via syncronized farrowing
Improve staff efficiency
`` work during day
`` avoid weekend work
Stillbirth Control
Avoid straggler sows (over 116 days)
`` tf get farrowing rooms cleaned up on schedule
Increase Weaning Age
`` ie all will be weaned at same date -
FARROWING INDUCTION
WHAT
HOW 5
HOW MUCH -
Products
`` Planate
`` Estrumate
`` Lutalyse
Routes
`` IM Neck (label)
`` `` hard to do bc habituated via vaccinations
`` Vulvomucosal
`` Lateral Vulvar
`` `` high fat region
`` Peri anal
`` `` high fat region
`` Abdominal oblique
`` `` best bc muscle
Doses
`` Planate 1ml = 87.5 microg
`` Estrumate 0.75 - 1 ml =
188 - 250 microgram
`` Lutalyse 2 ml = 10 mg -
PARTUITION
4 IMPENDING SIGNS -
Serete Milk
Nesting behaviour
`` restlessness
Raised Rectal Temp
Reduced Feed Intake -
PARTUITION
PROCESS 3 -
2 - 3 HRS
Piglets expelled 5 - 20 min
`` 15 average
`` 20 min = impending dystocia
Placent
`` generally expelled after last piglet -
STILL BORNS
WHAT
4 RISK FACTORS -
Fetuses that are live until term
`` die DURING farrowing
Higher Parity
Overweight
Season
`` heat in summer
Higher Birth Order
`` Farrowing Fatique
Note - Float lungs to differentiate
`` stillbirth
`` postnatal death -
FETAL MUMMIFICATION
WHAT
INFECTIOUS 4
NON IFECTIOUS 3 -
Fetuses that die prior to term
`` After skeletal calfication begins
`` `` 30 - 40 days
`` Inspissated remains of fetal tissues
`` age determined by crown-rump lenght
Infectious
`` parvo
`` Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
`` Porcine Rabies Virus (PRV)
`` Lepto
Non Infectious
`` parity
`` litter size
`` mycotoxins -
LITTE TARGETS
5 -
Birth Weight
`` 1.3 - 1.5 kg
Total Born
`` 12 - 12.5
Live Born
`` 11 - 11.5
Stillborn
`` 6 - 8%
Mummies
`` 1 - 2% -
LITTER SIZE
INFLUENCING FACTORS
6 -
Parity
Genetics
`` sow
`` boar
Breeding Management
`` timing with ovulation
Previous Lactation
`` sow feeding
`` length
Previous Wean to Service Interval
`` nutrition
Disease
`` embryonic
`` fetal death loses -
BIRTH WEIGHT
4 INFLUENCING FACTORS -
Placnetation and intrauterine spacing
Genetics
Litter Size
`` total born
Gestational Feeding
`` beyond day 100 -
NEONATAL PIGLET CARE
KEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO
REDUCED PRE WEANING MORTALITY
4 -
Encourage Colostrum Consumption
`` Epichorial Placenta
`` `` tf no AB transfer
Provide Warmth
`` creeps
Reduce Competion
`` cross fostering
Minimize other stressful activities -
COLOSTRUM
WHAT
WHY -
24 - 48 Hrs
High Level of IgG
`` mainly blood resident
`` tf systemic immunity
`` ie Arthritis
`` `` most common disease of baby pigs
Absorbed through GIT
Replaced by IgA in milk
~~ mainly mucosal
`` tf GI protection - diarrhea
`` provides immunity throughout lactation -
ENHANCE COLSTRAL COMSUMPTION
3 WAYS -
Split Suckle
`` sequester larger piglets
`` `` 2 hrs at a time
Collect and Store
`` fresh
`` frozen
`` via farrowing = continual oxitocin production
`` `` tf continual milk letdown
Supplement at Risk piglets
`` via tube or syringe
`` Small birth weigh
`` late birth order -
PIGLET CHILLING
3 WHYS
4 PREVENTIONS -
Pglets lack Brown Fat reserves
Rely on shivering for homethermy
Low birht weight piglets
`` significant risk
`` high SA to mass ratio
Increase farrowing Room Temp
`` for 2 - 3 days
Dry piglets at birth
Provide Supplementary heat
`` heat lamp
Provide Creep Area
`` creep box or cover
`` creep heat Pad - REDUCE PIGLET COMPETITION
-
Cross Foster
`` transfer piglets to litters/sows
`` `` best fit to compromised piglets needs
Birth - 24 hrs
`` sort litters
`` `` size
`` `` number
7 - 10 Days
`` small piglets to new born litter
`` regrouping runts/small piglets onto nurse sows - SUCKLING ORDER
-
Established with 24 hrs of farrowing
Front and Middle Mammary glands preferential
Rear Glands
`` lower milk production
`` higher crushing risk via hind legs
Unused glands
`` dry up if not occupied within 48 hrs
`` tf cannot foster after
Cannot add piglets to intact litters -
PIGLET PROCESSING
4 -
Wolf Teeth Clipping
`` at birth
`` sharp side cutter
`` tip only
`` to gums
`` `` increased risk of infection
`` `` `` tooth fracture
`` `` `` cut gum
`` Some farms dont clip
`` `` descidus - fall out 4 - 6 weeks
Iron Admin
`` sows milk deficient
`` 200 mg/piglet
`` befor day 4
`` 20 ga x 1/2" needle
`` Dxtran
`` `` 1000 or 200 mg/ml
`` Gleptoferrin
`` `` 200 mg/ml
Dock Tails
`` bith - 4 days
`` prevent tail chwing in GF
`` side cutters
`` butane powered cauterizer
`` leave 2 - 3 cm
Identification
`` breeding stock reseach
`` `` ear tattoo
`` `` ear notches
`` `` ear tags -
PIGLET CASTRATION
WHY
HOW -
Prevent Boar Taint
`` reproductive hormones
`` `` skatole
`` `` indole
`` `` androsterone
`` present in all post pupertal intact males
`` adverse taste after cooking for some people
Open Technique
`` incise skin and vaginal tunic
`` 2 vertical or 1 horizontal incision
`` scapel or sharp side cutters
`` potential source of infection
Lower growth rate than boars -
PWMT
WHAT
TARGET -
Pre Weaning Mortality
` mortality occuring between birth and weaning
Overall - 8 - 10%
`` 70% in first 3 days
`` 15% day 4 - 7
`` 15% day 7 to weaning -
PWMT
NON INFECTIVE
6 CAUSES AND TARGETS -
Applicable to all farms
Trauma, Injury, Crushing, Laid on
`` 52%
`` mainly laid on by sow
Starvation
`` 17%
`` piglet of avg/above avg wt dies of malnutrion
Low Viability
`` low birth wt that fails to compete with littermates
Chilling
`` common low birth wt piglets
`` target 35 deg
Savaging
`` young sows - mainly gilts
`` delayed expression of maternal behaviour
Splay Legs
`` myofibrillar hypoplasia
`` inablility to adduct legs
`` mainly hind
`` tape -
PWMT
INFECTIVE
2 CAUSES AND TARGETS -
Farm Dependent
Scours Diarrhea
`` 9%
multiple viral and bacterial causes
`` E. coli most common
`` death via dehydration
Arthritis and Lameness
`` follows bactermia
`` usually lower joints of front and hind legs -
PWMT
CHECKLIST
WHEN
LIST 7 -
Check if PWMT > 10%
Identify & address primary cause
Ensure proper neonate care
`` warmth
`` colustrum
`` timely fostering
Cull high risk sows
`` higheer parity
`` poor maternal ability
`` poor genetics
Avoid extremes of temp
Adequate facilities and equipment
Adequate Husbandry
`` training
`` equipment
`` nutrition
Control Diseases
`` biosecurity -
WEANING PROCEDURES
4 -
Sows moved back to breeding barn
Piglets transferred to nursery
Day of week important
`` predetermines
`` `` day sows bred
`` `` next farrowing day
`` wean wed / thur
`` `` bred mon tues
`` `` farrwow thurs fri
`` important to avoid weekend work
Weaning age Controversial
`` range 12 - 28 days
`` avg 17 - 25 days -
EARLY WEANING < 18 DAYS
ADVANTAGE 5 -
Improved Disease Control
`` < 10 days
`` didnt work
Increase litters / sow / yr
`` but WSI is extended
`` didnt work
Avoid excessive late lactation weight loss
`` requires proper nutrition before and during
`` fewer days to regain positive nutrient balance if underfed
Fewer days piglets at ris of PWMT
Eliminates need for Creep Feeding -
EARLY WEANING < 18 DAYS
DISADVANTAGE 5 -
Lower Weaning Weight
Nursery diets
`` more expensive
`` more nutrient dense
Specialized nursery facilities and intensive management
Reduced Nursery feed consumption
`` lower post weaning growth rates
Reduces reproductive Performance
`` <16 days
`` extend WSI -
LACTATION PERFORMANCE
6 METRICS
6 TARGEST -
Weaning Weights
`` 5 - 8 kg / pigglet
`` `` age
`` `` parity
`` `` litter size
Adjusted 21 Day litter weaning weights
`` 65 - 70 kg
`` adjust for
`` `` pairity
`` `` age
`` `` liter size
Litter Growth Rates
`` 2.5kg / litter /day
`` `` depends on litter size
Per Weaning Mortality
`` < 10%
`` `` starvation cushes scours
Sow Lactation Feed INtake
`` 6 - 9 kg /day
`` depends on
`` `` lactation length
`` `` diet
Sow Reproductive Performance
`` 4 - 6 day WSI
`` also subsequent litter size -
GOALS OF NURSERY UNIT
4 -
Provide a low stress environment after weaning
Successful transition from milk to solid feed
Maintain health and low mortality
Provide optimum conditions for growth - PERIOD OF MINIMUM INMMUNITY
-
3 - 4 Weeks
tf nursery piglets susceptible to manny diseases -
SANITATION
4 STEP PROGRAM -
Pre-soak
High pressure wash
`` remove biofilms
Disinfect
Dry prior to entry - BACTERIAL FILMS
-
Communities of microorganisms that populate environmental surfaces
`` organic matter and moisture provide excellent substrate
`` encased in matrix of bacterial polysacchardies and mineral scale
`` protected from disinfectnst
Sanitation products used to break down biofilms
`` degreaser and detergent
`` acid and alkali washes for the scale -
AGRICULTURAL DISINFECTANTS
5 TYPES
3 METHODS -
Iodophors
Hypochlorites
Quaternary Ammoniums
Formaldeydes
Creosols
Premixed
`` backpack sprayer or pull cart
`` best to get right [ ] in right place
Garden Spraye
`` dial dilution setting
Pressure Washer
`` faoming best bc sticks to walls - NURSERY PIG FLOW
-
Segregation of weanded pigs from sows and finisher pigs
`` enhances disease control
`` facilitates expansion
`` facilitates specialization
Onsite Nursery
`` seperate rooms under one roof
`` some transmsission to nursery
Off Site Nursery
`` very little disease transmission
With every nursery farm
`` segragation by age
`` each production week in seperate room
If pigs from multiple barns are mixed at weaning
`` AIAO by site provides optimum disease control
`` `` by room in same building - good
`` `` by building on same site - better
`` by site - best but highest cost -
NURSERY FACILITIES
3 KEY FEATURES -
Animal Housing
`` 6 - 8 weeks
`` growth from 5 - 30 kg
12 - 50 pigs / pen
`` 3 - 3.2 sqft / pig
`` 28 - 30 deg
Penning
`` flooring porous plastic or metal
`` Self Feeders
`` `` dry or wet feed
`` Water
`` `` nipple or bowls
Good Ventilation Critical
`` Exhaust moisture and gases
`` supply fresh air
`` provide supplementary heat -
VENTILATION SYSTEM
5 COMPONENTS -
Exhaust Fans
Inlets
Heaters
Controller and Sensors
Recirculation Ducts
`` optional -
NURSERY
3 BASIC PROCEDURES -
Termperatures
`` weaning 28 - 30 deg C
`` dropped 1 - 1.5 deg per week
`` minimum 20 - 22 deg
Water Flow
`` 0.5 to 1.0 L /min
`` gentle pressure
`` shoulder height
`` `` 30 - 50 cm
Lighting
`` 8 hry / day typical
`` nightlights recommended -
RECENTLY WEANED PIGS
3 PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS -
Weaning Age and Weight
GIT Development
`` enzymes lactase switching to proteases and amylase
`` villi health
Social Stresse
`` weaning
`` relocation
`` mixing - WEANING AGE AND WEIGHT
-
Considerable variation
Improper fostering
Older and heavier pigs
`` always competitive advantage
`` better GI enzyme activity - GIT ENZYMES
-
Considerable enxymatic changes concide with weaning
Decreased lactase
`` 3 - 7 weeks
Increased Amylase and protease
`` 2 - 7 weeks -
VILLI HEALTH
WHAT HAPPENS
6 FACTORS -
Blunting via
malabsorptition - tf osmotic diarrhea
Weaning
Weaning Stress
Soybean meal hypersensitivity
Starvation / anorexia
disease
`` scours via TGE virsu
Environmental Stress
``` chilling -
NURSERY FEEDING
2 PRINCIPLES -
Extremely Important Period
`` transition from sow's regular calls for fluid food (milk) to self serve dry food
`` samll appetite
`` `` tf every mouthfull counts
`` radical change in ingredients required to match changing enzymes
`` Inadequeate nutrition can trigger scours
Feed Presentation
`` 3 - 4 x per day for 5 - 7 days post weaning
`` creep feeders, trays, floors, feeders
`` variation in social maturity tf 5 - 7 feeding stations per 30 pigs
`` wet feed or gruel preferred by some - NURSERY FEEDING STAGES
-
Minimum 3 Stages
`` 7 - 8 weeks in nursery
5 - 30 kg Growth
Reduced complexity with growth
Reduced costs with
`` growth
`` increased ADFI -
NURSERY FEED
STAGE 1 -
Complex Diet
`` 5 - 7 days
Expensive $1.50 - $1.8 /kg
First Exposure to dry feed
Pelleted or crumbled
Purchased from Feed Company
Many complex ingredients to match changing enzymes
`` plasmas protein
`` whey or lactose
`` fishmeal
`` soybean meal 5 - 10%
`` oats and oat groats
`` wheat or corn
`` fat or oil
`` vitamins or minerals
High Nutrient Density
High palitiablilty -
NURSERY FEED
STAGE 2 -
Transition Diet
`` 10 - 14 days
Expensive but less cost than stage 1
Less expensive plant based proteins
`` plasma prodein is reduced
`` whey or lactose reduced
`` soybean meal increased
`` oats oat groats
`` wheat or corn increased
`` fat or oil
`` vitamins minerals
Pelleted or meal
High Nutrient Density
Feed intake of piglet is increased
Reduced Palitablility
`` bc increased appetite -
NURSERY FEED
STAGE 3 -
Simple Diet
`` 3 - 4 weeks
Least cost formulated
`` best value ingredients
Pelleted or Meal
Lowwer nutrient Density
`` plasma protien - none
`` whey or lactose - none
`` fishmeal - ususlly none
`` soybean meal - increased
`` oats oat groats - possible
`` wheat or corn - increased
`` barley - possible but high fibre
`` fat or oil
`` vialmins / minerals
Increased Appetite
`` tf reduced palitablility - NURSERY FEED BUDGET
-
Weight of feed per stage
Number of days for each stage
Depends on
`` farm
`` weaning age
`` weaning weight -
PLASMA PROTEINS
VS
PLANT PROTEINS -
Some plant proteins esp soybean meal can be hyper allergenic
`` tf introduce early at low levels
Plamsa protein
`` porcine blood only post BSE
`` highly palatable
`` stimulates feed intake
`` contains AB - effect uncertain
`` very expensive
`` hygenic collection from slaughter plants
`` spray drying reduces pathogenic potential -
NURSERY
7 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH RATE AND FEED INTAKE -
Temperature
`` 28 deg C
`` `` inversely proportional to feed intake
Feed presention trays, feeder
`` 1:3 ratio of feeding stns
Frequency of feeding
`` 3 - 4 times per day
`` staff emulates sow call for nursing
Pend Density
Feeder
`` space
`` type
`` size
Water
`` availability
`` $2 nipples vs $30 bowls
`` delivery
Disease -
NURSERY PERFORMANCE TARGETS
5 -
Average Daily Gain ADG
`` 4.5 - 7.5 kg = 210 - 230 g/d
`` 7.5 - 10 kg = 325 - 370 g/d
`` 10 - 25 kg = 575 - 650 g/d
`` Average = 450 g/d
Feed:Gain Ratio FCR
`` 1.4 - 1.5
Feed Cost
`` $10 - $12 / pig
Weight at Dispatch
`` 28 - 30 kg
Mortality
`` < 2% -
GROWER FINISH UNIT
8 GOALS -
Growth
`` 25 - 115 (123) kg
Feed Efficency
`` 60% of cost to produce pig
Market at optimum weight
Idendification prior to marketing
`` shoulder tattoo
Control Disease
`` minimize mortality
Ensure Food Safety
`` historically trichinella
`` currently salmonella
`` `` 4% of food salmonella
Ensure Animal Welfare
`` vets validate
Select Breeding Gilts
`` if gilt multiplication - GF PIG FLOW
-
Animal Flow
`` 16 - 18 wks total
May be moved between Stages or Single Stage
Room Sanitation
AIAO
`` by room
`` by building
`` by site
`` some pigs may leave system at nursery stage as feeder pigs
`` `` helps maintain AIAO integrity bc of room size limits -
FINSHSER FACILITIES
3 FEATURES -
Animal Housing
`` conventional pens 12 - 18
`` large group pens 50 - 500
flooring
`` concrete
`` partial slats
`` total slats
Space
`` Gower 5 sqtf
`` Finisher 8 sqft
`` Rule of Thumb
`` `` 1 sqft per 10 kg live weight -
LARGE GROUP PENS
6 CONSIDERATIONS -
Recent innovation
`` reduce labour costs
`` weighing and sorting for market
Large Pens
`` 400 - 700 per pen
May include Auto Sorter
`` scale and gate
`` Feeding phase all open
`` marketing phase - heavey pighs go to marketing pen -
GF BASIC HUSBANDRY
3 -
Room Temp
`` 20 - 22 deg C at entry
`` 14 deg by by 50 - 60 kg
`` slat and bedding type affect required temp
`` Behavior indicates effective temp
`` `` huddling = cold
`` `` tail biting = drafts or wrong temp
Water
`` swinger (play tf drink) or staionary nipples
`` 1 L/min gentle press
`` shoulder height 60 - 75 cm
`` may be additional nipples in wet/dry feeder
Lighing
`` 8 hr / day
`` nightlights reccomended - PIG GROWTH PHYSIOLOGY
-
Growth Not Linear
`` sigmoidal from farrowing
`` lean tissue (muscle and bone)
`` fat
Genetically Advanced Pigs
`` proprotionately more lean growth
Proportion of fat growth increases with feed intake -
GRWOTH RATE FACTORS
6 -
Genotype
Gender
`` boar > barrows > gilts
Helath
Pen Density
Environment
Nutrition -
FAT & LEAN MEASUREMENTS
WHY 3
WHERE
TARGET -
Ensure Genetic progress
Help Formulate Diets
`` estimation of AA requirements
Estimate Lean Content
`` carcass premium to producer
P2 Site
`` last rib
`` 5 cm off midline
Fat
`` 14 - 20 mm
Lion
`` 55 - 70 mm -
FEEDING GF PIGS
6 PRINCIPLES -
Nutritional program must be adapted
`` 30 - 120 kg pigs
Appetite increases with
`` age
`` weight
Male appetite > female
Barrows have higher fat deposition
Restricted feed intake
`` reduces fat depostion
Gender differences
`` apparent > 75 - 80 kg live weight
`` split sex feeding - SPLIT SEX FEEDING
-
Lower nutrient levels supplied to Barrows > 75 kg
Greater appetites
Hiper fat deposition
Lower lean deposition
Reduce feed Costs
`` $2 - $3 per pig - PHASE FEEDING
-
Stepwise reduction in nutrient levels over time to best match pig growth rate and feed intake
Reduce Feed Cost
`` $5 - $6 per pig
Increase Barley
Reduce Wheat - AMINO ACID BALANCE
-
Balance for AAs not Crude Protein
Limiting AAs
`` Lysine
`` Threonine
`` Methionine
`` Total Methionine + Cysteine
`` Tryptophan - IDEAL PROTEIN BALANCE
-
AA supplied at levels that best meet the demands for
`` maintenance
`` protein growth
Supplied to match levels in muscle protein
`` Ideal Protein
AA supplied in excess are excreted
`` requires energy
Diets balanced from Lysine requirements -
NUTRIENTS AND INGREDIENTS
4 CATAGORIES AND TYPICALS -
Protein
`` soybean meal
`` canola meal
`` peas
`` synthetic AAs
`` `` lysine, threeonine, methionine
Energy ie Fat and Carb
`` vegetable oil, tallow
`` Grains - wheat barley corn
Macroninerals - salt calcium phosphorus
`` Salt - sodium & potassium
`` Calcium - limestone
`` phosphourus - dical, monocal
Microminerals and vitamins
`` premix
`` vitamines
`` micromineral mix -
GF
FEED INTAKE AND EFFICIENCY -
Both critical to succes of GF unit
`` ADFI drives growth rate
`` FCR influences cost per pig
`` `` 2.8 optimal average
`` `` weaner 1.2
`` `` market 4.0
Feed = 60% of cost of production -
GF FEED INTAKE AND EFFICIENCY
8 FACTORS AFFECTING ADFI AND FCR -
Older and larger
`` ADFI better
`` FCR worse
Feed Wastage
`` ADFI better
`` FCR worse
Feed Restriction
`` ADFI worse
`` FCR worse
Water Restriction
`` ADFI worse
`` FCR worse
Higher Energy in diet
`` ADFI variable
`` FCR better
Smaller Particle Size
`` ADFI varialble
`` FCR better
Gilt vs Barrow
`` ADFI worse
`` FCR better
Higher temp
`` ADFI worse
`` FCR worse
Disease
`` ADFI worse
`` FCR worse -
GF PERFORMANCE TARGETS
6 -
ADG
`` 800 - 900 g/day
FCR
`` 2.7 - 3.0
Feed Cost
`` $30 - $40 per pig
Weight at Dispatch
`` 115 live / 93 dressed
Mortality
`` < 3%
Turns (cycles / yr)
`` 3 ie 52/17
`` 120 day GF cycle
% Marketed in Core
`` 90 - 95% -
HEALTH STATUS
3 CATEGORIES -
Convential Health
`` normal barn
High Health Status
`` SPF - Specific Pathogen Free
`` MD - Minimal Diseas
Gnotobiotic
`` research
`` CS and no Colosturm
`` `` tf no ABs
`` tf 35 day life max -
SPF DERVIVATIONS
WHY
5 HOWS -
Breeding Farms
`` objective to prevent disease transmission from sow to piglets
`` partuition and lactation
Piglets relacated away from sow
Surgical bays divided via water bath
`` dirty sow
`` clean piglets
Does not prevent vertically transmitted diseases
CDCD
`` c section derived and colostrum deprived
CD
`` c section derived
Hysterctomy
Medicated Early Weaning
Embryo Transfer - CDCD
-
C section Derived Colostrum Deprived
Gnotobiotics for Research
sow is anethetized
`` tf piglets sleep 12 hrs
Piglets indivudually delivered by CS
Immediately remove from sow
Reared in incubators or bubbles
DO NOT receive colostrum - CD
-
C section derived
`` hysterotomy
sow is anethetized
`` tf piglets sleep 12 hrs
`` tf no colstrum for 12 hrs
Piglets indivudually delivered by CS
Immediately remove from sow - HYSTERECTOMY
-
Sow Super Oxeygenated
Sow paralyzed via succinyl choline
Sow stunned via captive bolt
Gravid uterus is removed and transfed to clean area
Piglet removed from uterus
Fostered onto nurse sows at recipient barn
Piglets receive colostrum
Must be delivered in 2 minutes from time of stunning
Piglets always inside on dirty side
low cost - MEDICATED EARLY WEANING
-
Sows farrow normmally
Piglets must consume adequate colstrum
Piglets weaned early
Reared offsite or isolated site
Weaning age based on diseases to be eliminated
Sowas and / or piglets may be medicated or vaccinnated
Used to eliminate specific pathogens
Some pathogens NOT eliminated - EMBRYO TRANSFER
-
Approaching commercial application for breeding stock
Fresh Embryos only
`` 4 - 8 cell stage
Collection
`` surgical
`` slaughter
recipients
`` typically surgical bc place at uterine tip
`` also non surgical -
BIO SECURITY
DEFINITION -
Procedures that are enforced for the purpose of preventing disease introduction
External
`` into a farm
Internal
`` within a farm
`` rooms, areas, ages -
MAINTAINING BIOSECURITY
INTERNAL
6 -
Proper Pig Flow
`` AIAO rooms
`` minimize age mixing
`` no hold backs
Ensure timely and judicious treatment of sick animals
Ensure timely euthanasia of chronic animimals
Boot Baths
Personnel Hygeine when handling sick pigs
Adequate room sanitation and drying procedures -
BIOSECURITY
EXTERNAL
8 -
Isolate or Quarantine replacement stock
`` quarantine barns reccomended
`` > 100 m
`` 30 - 60 days
`` `` clinical signs
`` `` serological verification
Isolated Site
`` production > 3.2 km
`` breeding > 8 km
Deterrents
`` signage
`` gates
`` fences
Rigid Entry procedures
`` sign in book
`` pig freedom period
`` shower
`` `` forces change of clothes
`` disinfection
`` `` supplies
`` `` toos
Biosecure Feed Manufacturing and Delivery
`` Auddit feed manufacturing and delivery protocols
`` inspect commerical and on fram mills
`` `` salmonella
`` prevent corss contamination during delivery
`` seal access from wild birds and poultry units
Biosecure Dead Stock Removal
`` Rendering
`` `` mulitple stops tf risk
`` `` truck snaitation
`` `` safe pickup zone
`` Composting
`` `` safe location
`` `` thoroughness
`` `` wild life access
Rodent Control
`` mice rats birds dogs cats
`` baiting and sighting logs
`` inlet screens
Load Out and Transportation
`` drivers
`` `` stay outside
`` `` clean boots and clothes
`` one way flow from barn to truck
`` wash and disinfect trailer each load
`` specific trailer for barn -
NON INFECTIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS
6 -
Hernias
Cryptorchids
`` ridglings
Splay legs
Aural hematomas
Vices
Procine Stress Sysndrome PSS - SCROTAL HERNIAS
-
Common congenital defect
Detected at castration
Primarily males and unilateral
Enlarge and potentially strangulate SI
INguinal rind closure
`` 10 - 15 kg
`` remove tsticle
`` replace SI
`` close ring
`` producers trained
Inguinal Ring Taping
`` castrate pig normally
`` replace SI into abdomen
`` 3 strips adhesive tape
`` figure 8 starting at inguinar ring
`` high success rate - UMBILICAL HERNIAS
-
Often start as umblical abscesses
Either gender
Association with umbilical stress
Difficult to detect in early nursery
Baseball size in early grower
Basketball size in finisher
Excoriation = active infection = condemnation
Surgery not done
Market hogs early
Euthenize if skin ulcerated - RIDGLINGS
-
Cryptorchids
Generally unilateral
Detected at castration
May descend on own
Surgery - 15 kg
`` sedation and local anesthesia
`` post surgical AB
`` producers trained
`` 50% - 85% success - MYOFIBRILLAR HYPOPLASIA
-
Splay Legs
`` immature skeletal muscles
Multifactorial Inherited
`` low birth weight
`` prenatal maternal stress or malnutrition
`` premature farrowing induction
`` males more susceptable
2 0r 4 legs affected
Succumb to malnutrition and chilling
Tape hind legs
`` flexed
`` `` 3 - 4 hrs and release
`` `` repeate 1 - 2 x
`` above hocks continually for 2 - 3 days - AURAL HEMATOMAS
-
Picking pig up by ear
Early nurser stage
Fighting
Shrinks when healed
`` cauliflower ear
Do nothing
`` preffered
Lance
`` lilely to refill
`` possible abscess
Suture and pressure bandage
`` not feasible or tolerated - BEHAVIORAL VICES
-
Tailbiting and Flankbiting
Multifactorial Trigger
`` enviro stress
`` boredom
`` overcrowding
`` feed and water deprivation
Noted late nuresry to marketing
Highly variable incidenc
Huge industry animal welfare issue
Misdirected natural rooting and chewing behavior
Eventually develops into blood lust
Prevention
`` dock tails
`` provide enrichment
`` `` toys, straw
`` eliminate stresses
Treatment
`` elastrate tail
`` remove biting pigs if found
`` parentera AB - PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME
-
Genetic mutation in ryr-1 gene
`` adjacent ot halothane induced malignant hypothermia gene Hal 1843
Autosomal Recessive
Results in
`` heavy muscling
`` susceptibilty to stress
`` death
`` inferior pork PSE Pale Soft Exudative
Genetic Testing Available
Control gene in populations
`` eliminated from commercial herds -
VACCINATION PROGRAMS
WHY
TYPES
WHEN -
Vaccination stimulates active immunity
Multivalent vaccinines contain multiple diseases
Attenuated
`` modified live
`` mix with saline
`` `` then limited shelf life
`` usually avoided during pregnancy
`` `` placental transfer
Killed - virus and bacteria
`` prone to freezing
Pre Breeding
`` sows and gilts
`` protect conceptus form disease tha infect sow and corss placenta
`` ie Parvovirus, PRRS
Pre Farrowing
`` sows and gilts
`` protect young piglets by enhancing passive immunity
`` colostral and milk AB
`` ie E. coli
Feeding Herd
`` pigs from birht to marketing
`` protect pigs by stimulating Active Immunity prior to anticipated exposure
`` ie erysiplas
Good econimics to vaccinate sow rather than piglets
Highest risk is needle breakage - CQA
-
CANADIAN QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
HACCP based on farm food sfety program
Developed 1998 by Cdn Pork Council
`` identification of hazards
`` `` chemical - drug residues
`` `` physical - needles
`` `` biological - salmonella
`` steps to elimate or minimize
`` documentation of production practices
`` implementation of Good Production Practices
Verification and Validation
`` usually via DVMS
Voluntary Animal Care Assesssment
`` stalls not addressed
`` Validated via DVMs -
GLOBAL PORK TRADE
IMPORTERS -
Japan
`` affluent
`` premium product
Russia
`` 65% of Brazilian Exports
`` low cost of labour, environment, feed
`` low health status
Mexico
USA
Korea -
GLOBAL PORK TRADE
EXPORTERS -
EU
`` mainly Dennmark
USA
Canada
`` vunerable
`` `` trade barriers
`` `` FADs ie Foot and Mouth
Brazil
China - CANADIAN PORK EXPORTS
-
50 -60% of production exported
Dramatic Growth in last 15 yrs
Competitiveness drivig force behind WC expansion
USA Canadas #1 trading partner
signifcant increase in <50 kg pigs to USA
`` easy access to processing plants
`` cheap feeds - corn
`` closer consumer
`` `` ship small pigs
Future Trends
`` Sow units in Canada
`` Feeder units in USA
4 Year Price Cycles
`` historically driven
`` supply and demand
`` hog futures market - PRICES
-
Daily price establishe by Provincial Marketing Board
`` Sask Pork International
Market Hogs sold Live Weight
`` 110 - 123 kg
`` $130 - $160 per 100 kg
Produces Paid on Dressed Weight
`` head on
`` 78 - 80% of live
Paid Premium based on carcass quality
`` INDEX
Culled Animals
`` live weight basis
`` no carcass index
`` all further processing
`` Boars - $10 per 100 kg
`` sows - $100 per 100 kg
All Boars and most sows exported to USA
Many sows sold to local abattoirs
`` increase price in fall
`` `` blend game sausage -
REVENUE SOURCES OF PRODUCERS
4 -
Isoweans
`` piglets at weaning
`` 5 - 8 kg
Feeder Pigs
`` pigs at nursery dispatch
`` 25 - 30 kg
Live Market Hogs
`` end of finisher
`` 110 - 123 kg
Culls - sows and boars -
PRODUCER PAYMENT
3 WAYS -
Isoweans and Feeders
`` contract price established by broker
`` per head or live weight
`` isoweans - $30 -$40 each
`` feeders - $50 - $80 each
Sows and Boars
`` live weight x current market price
`` less transport and marketing costs
`` sow $63/100 kg
`` boar $22/100 kg
Market Hogs
`` Dressed Wieght
`` Carcass Index
`` `` Backfat
`` `` lion muscle depth
`` `` Loin - fat Spread
`` Market Price
`` Premiums
`` `` Health
`` `` Weight
`` Demerits
`` `` trim losses ie absceses -
MARKET HOG CARCASS
GRADING AND PRICING -
Dressed Carcass Weight
`` warm
`` eviscerated
`` head on
`` 78% - 80% of live weight
Ultrasonically probed at P2
`` backfat
`` lion
Assigned Carcass Index
`` warm carcass weight
`` Estimated Lean Yield %
Estimated Lean Yield %
`` bone and muscle on carcass
`` backfat and loin measurements
`` funky formula
Add Premiums
`` Weight over 85 kg
`` Loin Spread (loin - backfat) -
PRODUCTION COST
BY COUNTRY -
Brazil
canada
Ireland
Spain
US - MAJOR EXPENSES
-
Feed
`` 48%
Payroll
`` 13%
Interest and Depreciation
`` 12%
Utilities Insurance Taxes
`` 8%
Administration
`` 5%
etc etc
Veterinary Supplies and Services
`` 3% - TOTAL EXPENSE PER HOG
- $125 - $150
- VETERINARY EXPENSES
-
Low but not insignificant
Increase rapidly during disease outbreaks
When vets do not produce value
`` constantly challenged to reduce costs
Producer ROI is 18%
`` tf vets need to deliver this value on vet expenses - HOG UNIT PROFITABILITY
-
Market Price
`` most important
Pig Flow
`` 2nd most important
ROI is 18%
`` tf vets must focus on providing this value on expenses
`` improve productivity ie throughput
`` improve effiency
`` `` reduce feed costs etc
`` reduce expenses
`` `` including veterinary costs -
VETERINARY SEVICES
4 CATAGORIES -
Traditional Professional Services
`` biosecrurity and sanitation
`` Disease Treatement
`` `` diagnostics
`` `` control
`` `` prevention
`` Quality Assurance (CQA)
Non-Traditional Proffesional Services
`` Production
`` `` records
`` `` reproduction
`` `` throughput
`` `` efficiency
`` Nutrition
`` diet formulation
`` `` quality control
`` Human Resources Management
`` training
`` hiring and firing
Animal Health Products
`` Pharmaceutical
`` Vaccines
`` Disinfectants
`` Supplies
Diagnostics
`` In house bacterial culture
`` External
`` `` serology
`` `` necropsy
`` `` culture
`` -
VETERINARIAN PAYMENT
3 WAYS -
Proffesional Services
`` Hourly or per diem
`` Travel and Milage
`` time on farm
`` time in office ie reports and phone
Animal Health Products
`` Competitive
`` `` high margin low volume
`` `` Feed Lot Health sells lower than Veterinary cost
`` low mark ups 5% - 10%
`` `` 7% minimum inventory cost
Diagnostics
`` Fee for Service Basis
`` surcharge per submission