Pyschology final
Terms
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- relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
- personality
- the most widely researched and clinically used self-report personality test
- minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
- psychological tests using ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious onto the test material
- projective tests
- a projective test that presents a set of 10 crds with inkblots; describe what they see
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- a projective test that shows a series of ambiguous black and white pictures; create a story for each
- Thematic Apperception Test
- a relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone
- trait
- statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data
- factor analysis
- trait theory that explains personality- openness, conscientousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
- Five-Facotr Model
- he condensed the list of 18,000 traits to 30 or 35 basic traits
- Cattell
- he reduced the list of traits down to 3 basic traits- extroversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychotism
- Hans Eysenck
- thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering-freud
- conscious
- thoughts or motives that one can become aware of easily-freud
- preconscious
- thoughts or motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness but that can be made available through psychoanalysis- freud
- unconscious
- the source of instinctual energy, which works on the pleasure principle and is concerned with immediate gratification- freud
- id
- the principle on which the id operates- seeking immediate pleasure
- pleasure principle
- the rational part of the psyche that deals with reality by controlling the id, while also satisfying the superego
- ego
- the principle on which the conscious ego operates
- reality principle
- the part of the personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality
- superego
- satisfies the id and superego by distorting reality
- defense mechanisms
- freud's first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness
- repression
- in freudian theory, 5 developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally
- psychosexual stages
- the 5 psychosexual stages
- oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
- period of conflict during the phallic stage when children are sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile towards the same sex parent
- oedipus complex
- he developed individual psychology and saw behavior as purposeful and goal directed; inferiority complex; birth order
- Alfred Adler
- Adler's idea that feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence
- inferiority complex
- he developed analytical psychology and believed the unconscious had positive and negative motives; collective unconscious and archetypes
- Carl Jung
- Jung's concept of an inherited unconscious that all humans share
- collective unconscious
- according to Jung, the images or patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious
- archetypes
- she believed that male-female differences were the result of social and cultural factors, not biological factors; power envy instead of penis envy; basic anxiety
- Karen Horney
- according to Horney, the feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment
- basic anxiety
- Freud, Adler, Jung, and Horney practiced these theories
- psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories
- he believed the most important component of personality is the self; self concept; unconditional positive regard
- Carl Rogers
- Rogers' term for all the info and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior
- self-concept
- Rogers' term for positive behavior toward a person with no contingencies attached
- unconditional positive regard
- he believed people strived to reach self actualization
- Abraham Maslow
- the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person's highest potential
- self actualization
- Rogers and Maslow practiced this theory
- humanistic theory
- he reintroduced thought processes into personality theory through self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism
- Albert Bandura
- learned beliefs that one is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and achieving personal goals
- self-efficacy
- belief that cognitions, behaviors, and the learning environment interact to produce personality
- reciprocal determinism
- he believed learning created cognitive expectancies that guide behavior; expect and reinforcement value; locus of control
- Julian Rotter
- Bandura and Rotter practiced this theory
- social/cognitive theory
- theory of personality that focuses on the brain, neurochemistry, and genetics
- biological theory
- major theories overlap and each contributes to our understanding of personality
- interactionism
- patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological
- abnormal behevaior
- 4 basic standards for abnormal behavior
- statistical infrequency, disability or dysfunction, personal distress, violation of norms
- legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions or allowed to manage their own affairs because of mental illness
- insanity
- using stone instruments to bore a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape; practiced during Stone Age
- trephining
- religious treatment during the Middle Ages that involved prayer, fasting, noise making, beating, and drinking brews
- exorcism
- specialized hospitals during the 15th and 16th centuries
- asylums
- he demanded that inmates in asylums be treated humanely and believed disturbed people had a physical illness
- Philippe Pinel
- perspective that assumes diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured; Pinel
- medical model
- branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
- psychiatry
- he believed the medical model encourages people to believe they have no responsibility for their actions and can find solutions in drugs
- Thomas Szasz
- he conducted a study where people pretended to hear voices and were placed in asylums where they reported hearing no more voices
- David Rosenhan
- classification system developed by the APA used to describe abnormal behaviors
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
- outmoded term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety
- neurosis
- serious mental disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality and extreme mental disruption
- psychosis
- type of abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear
- anxiety disorder
- chronic, uncontrollable, and excessive worry not focused on any particular object or situation; affects twice as many women as men; 6 months; free floating
- generalized anxiety disorder
- sudden and inexplicable attacks of intense fear
- panic disorder
- intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
- phobias
- a phobia where people restrict their normal behavior because they fear being in busy, crowded places
- agoraphobia
- a fear of a specific object or situation
- simple phobias
- feelings of extreme insecurity in social situations
- social phobias
- intrusive, repetitive thoughts, urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors, or both; equally common in men and women
- obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
- constantly scanning the environment for signs of danger and ignoring signs of safety
- hypervigilence
- long lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life; mood disorder
- major depressive disorder
- repeated episodes of mania and depression; mood disorder
- bipolar disorder
- Seligman's term for a state of helplessness of resignation in which people or animals learn that escape from something painful is impossible, and depression results
- learned helplessness
- the explanations people assign to their own and other's behavior
- attribution
- group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior; the individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations
- schizophrenia
- sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus
- hallucinations
- mistaken beliefs maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
- delusions
- he believed the best way to understand personality was to study individual and arrange their personality traits into hierarchy
- Gordon Allport
- idea you are stuck on pleasures of other/ earlier stage; overindulge or frustration
- fixation
- pass out of stage and something happens that causes you to revert/regress back to earlier stage
- repression
- mysterious actions were attributed to supernatural powers and possession
- supernatural view
- he believed madness was like any other sickness; natural event arising from natural causes; 4 humors
- Hippocrates
- schoolteacher from Boston led nationwide campaign for humane treatment of mentally ill people
- Dorothea Dix
- movement of mental patients out of large hospitals- became a major goal of mental health care in the last half of the 20th century
- deinstitutionalization
- amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from avoidance of painful memories or situations
- dissociated disorders
- inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupation functioning
- personality disorders
- characterized by lack of conscious symptoms and causes- little respect for authority, lie, cheat, no guilt
- antisocial personality disorder
- characterized by mood instability and poor self- image
- borderline personality disorder
- treatment (Tx) of disorders through talking and other psychological methods
- psychotherapy
- gain insight by recognizing/ understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions
- psychoanalysis
- people with problems are blocked in some way from reaching their full potential
- humanistic therapy
- active; get in touch with genuine feelings/ disown foreign ones- like Behavorist therapy but more active
- Gestalt therapy
- classical and operant conditioning principles to change behavior
- behavior therapy
- relies on learning principles to help change the way clients think
- cognitive-behavior therapy
- brief electrical shock to brain; used to relieve severe depression
- electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- destroy tissue in small regions of brain
- psychosurgery