cellbio12
Terms
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- what is a cell membrane
- is a living bounday that seperates the living contents of the cell from the non-living surrounding enviroment
- cell wall
- suppourt and protection
- centriole
- gives raise to basal bodies and the direct formation of cilia and flagella
- chloroplast
- use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates and are surrounded by two membranes
- chromosome
- function in pacging DNA during nuclear divison and contol of gene expression
- cilia
- short like structures involvedin all movment and moving materials past cells
- ctoskeleton
- the network of filamentous protein structures within the cell that help it maintain shape and anchor organelles or help the organelle move as necessary
- flagella
- longer involved in cell movement (sperm cells, evglena) (9+2 arrangment of microtubles)
- gogli body
- organelle consisting of flattened saccules and also vesicles that process packages and distrubutes molecules about or from the cells
- lysosomes
- membrane bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules
- microfilaments
- cellular ropes made of repeating units. infastructure protiens and allows certain cells to move in am amoeboid fashion
- microtubles
- hallow tubes fir transport act as tracks along which organelles move
- mitochondria
- this oorganelle has a double membrane and converts glucose and o2 to produce atp
- what is the nucleolus?
- site of rrna productionin the nucleus
- what is the nucleus?
- the brain of the cell it deter,ines the metabolism,growh, differenation, structure and reproduction.
- what is the ribosome
- made of rrna and protien, these small, numerous organelles are the site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm
- what is the rough er
- apperance is due to ribosomes, recievd synthesied protein and may modify it
- smooth er
- lipid synthesis
- what are vaculoes
- membrane bound spheres that store water and dissolve materials.
- vesicle
- small membrane spheres used for transportation
- what component causes the cell membrane to have a fluid consistecny?
- phospholipids
- what component causes it to be a mosaic?
- proteins
- what is mitochondrias cristae used for?
- enzymes live here that are involved in cellular resperation
- what is the nucleus enclosed by?
- nuclear envelope
- what does the nuclear envelope contain?
- pores that open to the cytoplasm
- what three organelles are enclosed by a double membrane?
- nucleus mitochondria chloroplast
- what is the relationship between nucleoli and ribosomes/
- rna made by nucleoli become a structual part off ribosomes
- what does Dna control within the nucleus
- protein synthesis
- equation Carbohydrate+oxygen----) carbon dioxide + water
- mitochondria
- water + carbon dioxide ---) oxygen + carbohydrate
- chloroplast
- how do lysosomes and vesicles work togther?
- macromolecules brougth into the cell by pinocytosis at plasma m.b lysomes fuse = simpler subunits into cytoplasm
- how does the er and goli apparatus work together?
- products produced at e.r are sent to golgi for repackaging, secretion and digestion
- how do centrioles and cilia work together?
- centrioles become basal bodies that produce cilia
- how do ribosomes and endopasmic reticulum work together?
- proteins made at ribosome are located on er
- what do chloropast and mitochondria do?
- carbs made in chloropast broken down in mitochondria
- golgi body and vesicles
- golgi body contains enzymes that madify/sort/label + package proteins into vesicles that pinch off outer surface
- nucleolous and ribosomes
- nucleolous makes rrna that joins w/protien subunit to make protiens
- how are mitchochondria like chloroplasts ?
- both concerened with energy
- which molecule forms a bilayer within the membrane
- lipid
- which organelle doesnt contain membrane
- ribosomes
- which doesnt contain nucliec acids?
- centrioles
- what is connnected to the nuclear envelope
- er
- what is the fluid mosaic model?
- double layer of phospholipids that contains proteins embeded in its bilyar. Carbohydrates are attached to the proteins.
- what is the fluid mosaics function?
- its an indentification marker for cell recognition
- why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?
- allows only some molecules o enter the cell that are not the same
- diffusion is?
- a physical process that requires no energy. It allows partices to move from area of greater concentration to lower concentration
- how to increase rate of diffusion
- 1)temp 2)concentration gradient 3)decrease molecule size
- what is facilitated transport?
- is the passage of molecules or ions from (high) to (low) concentration through specific protein carriers no atp is required
- osmosis
- is the net movement of water molecules from more water to area of less water acros selectively permeable membrane
- osmotic pressure
- is the pressure due to the flow of water from greater to lower water. The greater the difference the greater the osmotic pressure
- Active transport
- requires atp to allow molecules to move of (low) to (high) concentration
- some factors that affect the rate of diffusion are?
- 1) size 2)shape 3)concentration 4)temp 5)charge 6)lipid soluable
- endocytosis
- process were substances move into cell from enviroment
- phagocytosis
- process where cell engulfs and ingests particles
- pinocytosis
- process where vesicle formation brings macromolecules into cell
- excoytocis
- an intercelluar vesicle fuses with plasma memembrane so that the vesicle contents are released outside
- hypertonic
- when there is more water inside the cell than the outside the cell it shrinks because it has lost wqter due to osmosis
- isotonic
- when there is an equal balance between outside and inside nothing changes
- hypotonic
- when there is les water in the cell and more out of the cell it gains water and it will sell up nd may burst
- what components is the animal cell missing ?
- cell wall and chloroplast
- what components is the plant cell missing?
- lysosomes and centrioles
- what do prokyctics have?
- cell membrane, cell wall andribosomes
- how does he cell wall and cell membrane work?
- cell wall protects the plant and the cell membrane invites things in
- why do large molecules and small molecules have problems entering the cell wall?
- cellulose fibers
- nucleoli
- dark staining structure that are the site of rrna synthesis
- location of er
- begin outside of nucleus and branch throughout the cytoplasm
- what are lipids used for?
- growth of cell membrane detoxify drugs chemicals
- what does er provide>
- increase surface area
- what do the er channels provide
- storage space transportation routes membrane factory
- what is synthesizedin the smooth er
- phospholipids and cholestrol
- what matures proteins
- golgi apparatus
- what is the path of rrna?
- produced in nucleolus and joined with proteins than migrate to nuclear pore to cytoplasm
- where is golgi apparatus located?
- nucleus and er
- what do the golgi apparatus sacs contain ?
- enzymes
- where are proteins sorted,labeled amd packaged?
- golgi body
- how are vesicles and vacuoles formed?
- pinching off golgi body endicytosis of cell membrane extension of er membrane
- what is vacuole used for?
- cellular digestion autodigestion break donw of whole cell
- what 4 enzymes do lysosomes contain
- proteins rna dna carbohydrates
- what do peroxisomes do?
- remove hydrgen atoms from small molecule and join hydrogen atoms to oxygen
- what ekse di mitochondria do besides produce energy?
- water calcium other charged particles
- how do mitochondria produce
- splitting in half
- what is chlorophyl
- chemical that absorbs energy of the sun to provide the energy required for reducing co2 to glucose
- what is proikaryotic
- includes bacteria and blue green alge
- what is the concentration gradient?
- gradual change in chemical concentration form one point to another
- what is a solute
- substance that is dissolved in a solvent = a solution
- what is a solvent
- fluid that dissolves solutes
- plasmolysis?
- contraction of the cell contents due to water loss
- what is turgor pressure
- pressure of the cell contents against the wall when the vacuole is full