Quiz#3

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How many bones are there in the human body?: 206
What is the Diaphysis?: The long portion of the bone, longer than it is wide.
The skeletal system is comprised of 3 type of connective tissue: Bones-hard elements of the skeleton
Ligaments-dense fiberous connective tissue that binds bones together
Cartilage-specialized connective tissue consisting primarily of fibers of collagen and elastic in a gel-like fluid called ground substance
Epiphysis: Enlarged nob at each end of a diaphysis
Diaphysis: Compact and spongy to store bone marrow and to be less weight.
-Kids have less Red Blood Cells
Osteoblasts: Builder lays down new bones
Osteoclasts: Bone destroyer, bone cutter
Osteocytes: Mature bone cytes
Chondrocytes: Cartilage cells
What happens when bones develop?: -Cartilage is made
-Ossification
-Growth plate left
Ossification: Cartilage to bone
-In order to grow
There is blood in bone tissue
What allows bones to grow?: -Growth Hormone
-Sex Hormone-growth spirts
Bone Remodeling: Change in the bone structure due to the change in activity
-walking for about a year will change your bones
-calcium and Vitamin D
Blood clot results in....: Hematoma
Cartilagenous Callus: Replaces the hole in the bone
Bony Callus: After it clots and cartilage replaces it
-Remodeling
Osteoporosis: Osteoclasts are working
Sprain: Streched or torn ligament. Often accompanied by internal bleeding and bruising and swelling
Hormones: After menopause womens' estrogen level goes down and they get more fractures
Arthritis: Joint inflammation
How many joints are there in the human body?: 230
Muscle Contractions: Jerking sensation when you're trying to fall asleep
What are the 5 arrangements of the sketal muscles: -Origin
-Insertion
-Synergistic
-Antagonistic
-Tendons
Origin: The end of the muscle that is attached to the bone that does not move during muscle contraction
-Closest to the center
Insertion: The end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
-Further away from the body
-More mobile
-Often over a joint
Synergistic: work for a common function, work as a group
Anatgonistic: work opposite from another muscle
-Allows another muscle to relax
Tendons: A cord of dense fiberous connective tissue attaching muscle to the bone.
Muscle Structure: muscle>fascicle>muscle fiber cell>Myofibrils>Sarcomeres>Myofiaments
Fascicle: Muscle cell bundles
Muscle fiber cell: A single muscle strand. A connective tissue fiber is a thin strand of extracellular tissue.
Myofibrils: Makes up muscle cell/fiber
Sarcomeres: Contractile unit of a muscle, unit in the Myofibri
Myofilament: Proteins
-actin
-myosine
Muscle Contraction: _Sliding filament model
VERY IMPORTANT
Where does the ATP come from?: -Stored ATP only lasts 10 sec.
-Creatine phosphate w/ ATP last 45 sec.
Muscle Relaxation: -Nerves stop stimulation
-Calcium Sequestered(brought back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum)
-cross bridges(between myosin/actin) stop being formed
Rigors Mortis: When someone dies eventually ATP is used up, but cross bridges are still attached, making the body stiff bc there is no ATP to break cross-bridges apart
Slow Twitch: main use-endurance activites
Metabolism-aerobic
blood vesscles-more(for oxygen)
color-Red (dark meat)
Myoglobin-yes
Stored Glycogen-some
Mitochondria-more
Fast Twitch: main use-Quick burst of energy
Metabolism-mostly anaerobic
blood vesscles-less
color-white(white meat)
Myoglobin-NO
Stored Glycogen-more
Mitochondria-less
aerobic training: -Slow twitch fiber
-Biking running, swimming
Increases Endurance, blood vessels, mitochondria, myoglobin
Anarobic training: Fast Twitch Fiber
More strength, weight training, bulk up the cells you have not increase the number
Increases:
proteins, myofibrils, muscle strength, muscle mass, muscle size
Cardiac Muscle: Striations
Arrangement similar to skeletal muscle
Smooth Muscle: No Striations
Actin & Myosin on outside of cell
Steriods: -related to testosterone
-illegal if not perscribed
-bulks up muscle masss
-used by both males and females
Muscular Dystrophy: A group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases
Tetanus/Botulism: Produce potent chemical
Could kill the world with one pint; bad canning
Tetanus-lock jaw
Muscle cramps/soreness: Ion imbalance/sacromeres tear
Fascitis: Skeletal muscles, can inflame and the tissue doesn't heal. Most common in your foot
What are the 3 functions of blood??: Transportation-our matrix(plasma)
Regulation-your temperature plasma and platlets
Defense-white blood cells
What 4 things make up the blood?: red blood cells(44%)
Platlets and white blood cells (1%)
Plasma(55%)
Where do formed elements come from?: Red bone marrow
Stem cells: cells that are immature and indfferentiated
Characteristic of red blood cells??: Shape-dislike, very thin, able to fold
organelles-mature, have no organelles, no nucleus but still eukaryotic
Oxygen & CO2-oxygen binds to iron
Metabolism-anarobic
Hematocrit-a measure of red blood cells
How many RBC do we make per second?: 2 million
RBC Production: -from red marrow
-old and worn out one removed by spleen and liver
-regulated eythropietin
Eythropoietin: Made by the kidney's stimulates RBC production in the bone. If oxygen gets low then the epo gets kicked out.
Blood Doping: Increase in hematocrit
-Extreme athletes use it to increase pressure.
-Your blood thickens and you can clog your artieries.
RBC Problems: Anemia-Low iron
Carbon monoside poisoning-takes oxygen from surface
-blood poisoning-bacteria gets into your blood
Sickle cell disease-Helps African's fight malaria
White Blood Cells: -helps cells to fight to stay clean
-made in red marrow
-nucleated
-can circulate and/or move into tissue
-most mobile cell
White Blood Cell Classification.... Granulcytes: -Short lived
-Neutrophils(60-70%)
-Esonophils(2-4%)
-Basophils(.5-1%)
White Blood Cell Classification.... Agranurocytes: Lack, w/out, long lived
-Monocytes(3-8%) Big cells w/ moonshaped nucleus
-Lymphocytes 20-25% small cells with large nucleus.
White Blood Cell Specific Classification.... Neutrophils: -Short lived (6-72 hrs.)
-most abundant
-nonspecific phagocytosis-cell eating, eats anything
-first to drive during inflammatory response
-move into tissue
White Blood Cell Specific Classification... Platelets(Thrombocytes): -Live 5-9 days
-fragments of megakaryocytes
-clogs blood
-regulated by thrombopoietin
How do we clot our blood?: -Blood vessile spasm
-platelet plug is formed
-blood clot forms
-Thrombin converts blood protein into fibrin
Antigen: Evoke an immune response
Antibody: proteins typically Y-shaped
-proteins made by your body in a response to an antigen.
Blood type A: Antigen-A
Antibodies-B
Blood type B: Antigen-B
Antibodies-A
Blood type AB: Antigen-A&B
Antibodies-none
Blood type O: Antigen-none
Antibodies-A &B
Determination of blood types: -Surface proteins(call antigens)
-presence of antibodies
What is the most common donor?: Blood type O
Rh Blood Type: Rh+-have D antigens
Rh- don't
Rho GAM: women are given drugs around 28 weeks. Injections D Antibodies, don't stay very long.
Basophils: -Live (3-72 hrs.)
-Role in inflmmatory
-carries Histamine
-very rare
White blood cell whose granules stain well with basic dye. It releases histamine and other substances during inflammation.
Eosinophils: -Not very common
-Live 8-12 days
-responses against parasitic infections(worms)
White blood cell
Attack parasites and function in allergic responses.
Monocytes: -Can live for several months
-Move into tissue-macrophages pick up and show to others.
-nonspecific phagocytosis

DOESN'T cause mono!
Lymphocytes: -Long lived(years even life time)
-Relatively common(40-50%)
-migrate into lymph nodes
-Made into B-cells, T-cells, and NK cells
T-cells use: Antibodies
B-cells use: an indirect action
Diseases of WBC's: -Leukemia-cancer of the white blood cells
-bone marrow filling up with nonfunctional cells
-mononucleosis
Mononucleosis: infects a lymphocyte
-basis of the immune system

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