ENGL 381 FINAL
Terms
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- Johannes Gutenberg
- INVENTION OF PRINTING PRESS
- William Caxton
- starts first English printing press. Greater availability of books, swifter dissemination of knowledge and ideas, increase of literacy.
- Vesalius
- investigates human anatomy
- Francis Bacon
- propounds "scientific method," empirical research
- Renaissance
- 1450-1650, literally means "re-birth"
- HUMANISTS
- The writers and thinkers of Renaissance who are associated with unearthing/translating/analyzing literature of antiquity, rediscovered and/or explicated and/or popularized culture & learning of ancient Greece & Rome.
- humanism
- refers to a particular set of intellectual pursuits and is not by definition separated from religion--not necessarily secular. Focus tends to be upon rediscovery of lost ORIGINS
- Sir Thomas More
- famous humanist scholar. executed for defying his king on religious grounds–nothing very “secular†about him!
- ERASMUS
- returned to the original Greek text of the New Testament and made a new Latin translation (1511), Dutch humanist scholar
- VULGATE
- St. Jerome's Latin translation of the Gospels, used by the Catholic Church since the 5th century
- new scientific empiricism
- the interest in reconstructing the workings of the universe from the ground up evident in physics, astronomy and medicine.
- litterae humaniores
- RHETORIC, ETHICS, HISTORY, POETRY in Rome
- King Henry VIII
- monarch of the house of TUDOR--wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boleyn. (Catherine had not given him a male heir, only a daughter.) When the Pope refused Henry a divorce (under Catholicism ONLY the Pope could declare a marriage void), the king eventually renounced Rome’s authority: the Act of Supremacy made the king head of the English church
- Anne Boleyn
- gave Henry a daughter, eventually accused of adultery and executed.
- QUEEN ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND
- returned the country to Protestantism (Elizabeth was illegitimate from a Catholic perspective). reign produced such writers as Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, John Donne. never married
- VIRGIN QUEEN
- Queen Elizabeth I. courtiership and courtship became almost interchangeable during her reign.
- STUART monarchy
- King James VI of Scotland succeeds Elizabeth
- First complete sonnet sequence written in English
- Philip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella
- Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich
- embodied by stella
- only one of three creators of lyric sequences who definitely oversaw the publication of his own sonnets
- Edmund Spenser
- Amoretti
- "little tokens of love"
- long hymn in celebration of his wedding. written for bride.
- Epithalamium
- performative sonnets
- the sonnets stage the self in a series of short scenes or mini-spectacles in which a speaker reorganizes the world around his own subjectivity
- poetic logic
- the reader must be sure to trace the linear unfolding of meaning through the poem, paying attention to the movement of thought and the rules of syntax
- fixed form
- e.g. sonnet. in the love sonnet, the most extreme emotions of the speaker are ordered and controlled by the strict limits of form; the result is a particular kind of poetic economy. Condensation, compression, concision.
- stanza
- room (italian)
- Rime Sparse
- Petrarch’s 14th century lyric sequence
- Translators of Petrarch's poetry
- Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard
- Earl of Surrey
- Petrarch’s love poetry really becomes popular in the early 16th century in the translations and adaptations of his poetry
- oxymoron
- used by petrarch, contradicting terms
- highly developed and extended figures of speech (sometimes unfolded across several lines of a poem) e.g. oxymorons
- conceits
- Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe
- Christian mystics
- Christian mystics
- To cultivate a direct and subjective communion with God, the mystic chooses to withdraw his or her senses and mind from worldly matters, redirecting them to knowing God
- Urania
- in classical mythology was the Muse of Astronomy but whom Milton has transformed into a heavenly or Christian inspiration. Also title of wroth collection of poems
- Pamphilia-persona
- the first person mask, invites comparisons between the practices of Wroth and Sidney (his "Astrophil-persona"
- Edward Denny
- critic of wroth
- The "problem" of women going public
- long-standing tendency to connect public female speech/writing and unchastity
- Juan Vives
- humanist educator, encouraged women to stick to scripture
- Giovanna dAragona
- Basis for duchess of Malfi (Webster) Spanish-Italian noblewoman. her marriage to her steward and her mysterious death
- per verba de praesenti
- In order to make such marriages effective, there must be a present intention to make the contract and it must be expressed accordingly
- BOSOLA
- From duchess of malfi. the malcontent courtier and unwilling spy; the disappointed underling who viciously criticizes the court but who also wants a position there himself
- Metaphysical
- literally means transcending the physical; refers in particular to the use of surprising, even shocking, metaphors to make connections between microcosmos and macrocosmos
- John Dryden
- poet-critic, speaks (somewhat disapprovingly) of these poets’ “metaphysics†in the later 17th century
- "Metaphysical" poetry
-
-concentrated, closely woven arguments moving by way of complicated analogies, quantum leaps of metaphor-driven logic
-the use of extremely elaborate metaphors or conceits
-a poetic idiom which borrows the vocabularies of science, map-making, astronomy, medicine.
-a tendency to make the most personal experience cosmic and representative, to insist upon its almost limitless significance. The microcosmos becomes the macrocosmos. The speaker tells the rising sun
-a dramatic deployment of poetic voice; Donne's poems, for example, offer a shaping intelligence and voice which is slippery, equivocal, driven, passionate-often colloquial or outrageously witty. - "Shine here to us and thou art everywhere, / This bed thy centre is, these walls thy sphere."
- example of metaphysical poetry, "The Sun Rising,"
- poetry of meditation
- a more useful description for the poetry of the so-called "Metaphysicals"
- "The Temple"
- Herbert's collection of religious lyrics
- a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes in an elevated & ceremonious style
- EPIC
- The unholy trinity
- Satan, Sin and Death
- "It was necessary that something should be forbidden or commanded as a test of fidelity, and that an act in its own nature indifferent [= arbitrary, immaterial], in order that man's obedience might be therefore tested
- Milton--theological treatise On Christian Doctrine
- Alexandrine
- line of poetic meter, 12 syllables. falls into halves-one question one reply
- balnk verse
- iambic five beat unrhymed lines
- caesura
- audible pause that breaks up a line of verse
- Enjambment
- breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase, clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses.
- the syntactic unit (phrase, clause, or sentence) corresponds in length to the line.
- End-stopping
- the repetition of vowel sounds within a short passage of verse or prose
- assonance
- octave
- eight lines
- sestet
- six lines
- volta
- a turn in the middle of poem-octave to sestet
- echo
- duchess of malfi at end of webster's play
- Flea
- Donne, "the flea"
- "The Canonization"
- by Donne. (a poem in which the relationship between poet and beloved is only the starting point for a complex meditation which ends up encompassing the rest of the universe).
- imperative mode
- "would"
- The Coller
- George Herbert poem. the punning in the title "The Collar" [check out the meaning of “cholerâ€]
- "adventurous song":
-
Milton.
the poet as a kind of epic hero-note his ambitious flight over the seat of pagan inspiration, his insistence on his own heroic originality - First Causes
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Milton.
prehistory of the fall of humanity is the fall of Satan. - Pandemonium
- meeting place of satan and rebels in Paradise Lost
- Uriel
- Archangel tricked by satan
- the golden scales of justice
- sign god makes in the sky to scare satan away
- Abdiel
- angel who demonstrates repentance in Paradise lost
- Michael and Gabriel
- Chiefs of archangels
- Nimrod and the Tower of Babe
- story explains the perversion of pure language into the many languages that are spoken on Earth today.
- Belial
- One of the principal devils in Hell. Belial argues against further war with Heaven, but he does so because he is an embodiment of sloth and inactivity
- Mammon
- devil known in the Bible as the epitome of wealth. always walks hunched over, argues against war b/c no profit
- Mulciber
- devil who builds Pandemonium,
- Moloch
- A rash, irrational, and murderous devil. Moloch argues in Pandemonium that the devils should engage in another full war against God and his servant angels.
- Sin
- Satan’s daughter, who sprang full-formed from Satan’s head when he was still in Heaven. Sin has the shape of a woman above the waist, that of a serpent below, and her middle is ringed about with Hell Hounds, guards the gates of hell
- Death
- Satan’s son by his daughter, Sin. Death in turn rapes his mother, begetting the mass of beasts that torment her lower half. compare to holy trinity
- Raphael
- archangel, acts as one of God’s messengers. Raphael informs Adam of Satan’s plot to seduce them into sin, and narrates the story of the fallen angels, as well as the fall of Satan.
- felix culpa
- happy fault: eating the fruit
- wreath
- made by adam. it represents his love for her and his attraction to her.
- Milton's muse
- the holy spirit
- Chaos
- paradise lost. ruler of the abyss.
- Mount Niphates
- satan's landing point. north of paradise
- tallest tree in paradise
- tree of life
- Delio.
- courtier, who tries to woo Julia. A friend of Antonio. His name means I delete.
- Daniel de Bosola
- Sent by Ferdinand to spy on the Duchess.
- The Cardinal
- Brother of the Duchess.
- Ferdinand.
- The Duke of Calabria, and twin brother of the Duchess.
- Castruchio.
- Duchess of Malfi. An old lord. His name is a play on the word "castrated", suggesting impotence.
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# Roderigo.
# Grisolan.
# Silvio. - courtiers in Duchess of Malfi
- Cariola
- Duchess of Malfi's waiting-woman
- Julia.
- Duchess of Malfi. Castruchio's wife
- Malateste.
- annoying character in duchess of malfi
- Laura/Laurel
- Object of Petrarch;s affection
- Amphilanthus
- object of Pamphilia's affection. Wroth
- Stella
- object of Astrophil's affection. Sidney
- diamonds
- duchess of malfi. represent life, humanity
- Elizabeth Boyle
- woman addressed by spenser, ultimately marries him. strays from petrarchan love
- sublunary lovers
- donne