micro 205 exam 2
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- Clostridium botulinum forms what?
- Spores
- Where does Clostridium botulinum live?
- The soil
- How does Clostridium botulinum spread?
- If the spores are ingested, they germinate and produce botulinum toxin
- What does Clostridium botulinum cause?
- Paralysis
- Is Clostridium botulinum an aerobe or anaerobe, and what kind?
- It is a strict anaerobe
- Is Clostridium botulinum gram positive or gram negative?
- It is gram positive
- What form does it take?
- Rod form
- Does the growtn of microbes in cell size?
- No
- What is the control of growth of microbes important for?
- It is important for infection control and growth of industrial and biotech organisms.
- What are the three factors that regulate microbial growth?
- Nutrients, environmental conditions, and generation time
- What are three organic growth factors?
- Source of energy, vitamins (coenzymes), and osme amino acids
- If something uses CO2 for its carbon source, what is it?
- An autotroph
- If something uses organic materials for its carbon source, what is it?
- A heterotroph
- If something uses sunlight for its energy source, what is it?
- A phototroph
- If something uses organic means for its energy sources, what is it?
- A chemotroph
- What is a saprobe?
- An organism that lives on organic matter of dead organisms
- What is a parasite?
- An organism that lives on organic matter of living hosts
- What are parasites also known as?
- Pathogens
- What is group translocation?
- Lower to higher concentrations with chemical change
- What is bulk transport?
- endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
- What are psychrophiles
- Cold loving
- What are mesophiles
- Moderate loving
- What are thermophiles
- Heat loving
- Is listeria monocytogenes gram positive or gram negative?
- Gram positive
- Is listeria monocytogenes common or uncommon?
- Common in the environment
- Where does listeria monocytogenes live?
- It lives in monoocytes
- How does it move?
- It moves intracellularly from cell to cell
- What type of phile is it?
- It is a psychrophile
- What does it cause?
- Listeriosis
- What are the symptoms of listeriosos?
- Fever, aches, GI or CNS symptoms
- What can this do to pregnant woman?
- Cause them to suffer a miscariage
- What is aerotolerant?
- Does not use O2 but can grow when in the presence of it.
- What are microaerophiles?
- They require O2 but grow only in concentrations lower than air.
- What is commensalism?
- A commensal benefits and the host is not harmed.
- What are two direct methods to measure growth?
- Plate counts and direct microscopic count
- What are three indirect methods for measuring growth?
- Turbidity, metabolic activity, and dry weight
- What is the turnover number?
- The maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to product each second.
- Oxidoreductase
- Oxidation reduction reactions
- Tranferase
- Transfer of functional groups, such as phosphates or amino acids
- Hydrolase
- Cleaves bonds on molecules with the addition of water (hydrolysis)
- Lyase
- Removal or addition of groups of atoms without hydrolysis
- Isomerase
- Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
- Ligase
- Joining two molecules
- Where do exoenzymes work?
- They work outside the cell
- Where do enzymes work?
- They work inside the cell, usually as metabolic enzymes.
- What do ribozymes act as?
- They act as catalysts on specific strands of RNA by removing sections and splicing them together.