Biology Test Palmer 1
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- What are the elements that make up more than 96% of all present atoms in humans?
- Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- Normal components of cells that are used to restore the normal pH in a living system
- Buffers
- How is the composition of a compound chemically, whether it be an ionic compound or a covalent compound expressed?
- A chemical formula
- When more OH ions are present what is it?
- Base
- A solution with an equal number of hydrogen ions and OH ions is said to have a pH of what?
- 7, a pH of 7 is neutral
- Charged particles
- Ions or electrolytes
- When more hydrogen ions are present in a solution what is it?
- Acid
- Atoms that join together by sharing their electrons form what?
- Covalent bonds
- This type of bonding occurs when electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another. In this bonding, the atom with the most electrons in the outermost shell has the most snatching power.
- Ionic Bonds
- What happens when an ionic compound is put in water?
- It becomes unstable because in water, ionic compounds break up into changed particles.
- The combination of two sugars (monosaccharides) creates the ____?
- Disaccharide
- Macromolecules (big molecules) that are many simple sugars bonded together
- Polysaccharides
- What are a few examples of polysaccharides?
- Starch (found in plants); Glychogen (in our bodies)
- Those organic molecules which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (just like carbohydrates) but they are different in arrangements and ratios.
- Fats (lipids)
- What is the most prominent characteristic of lipids?
- They are insoluble in water.
- What are the most familiar fats?
- Neutral fats
- What are the functions of fats in our bodies?
- Insulation, Storing Energy, protection of organs.
- The compounds that are associated with living things directly. They are produced or synthesized by and reside in living things.
- Organic Compounds
- What is called the backbone of organic compounds?
- Carbon
- What are the 2 basic types of chemical compounds that exist in nature?
- Inorganic and organic compounds
- What is the most abundant of all the inorganic compound?
- Water
- What are the most common forms of the carbohydrates?
- Saccharides (various surgars) & Monosaccharides (one sugar)
- What is the most naturally occuring of all the 6 carbon sugars?
- Glucose
- What are the 5 general classifications of organic compounds?
- Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Enzymes, Nucleic Acids
- A long chain of many sugars. The organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at a given ratio.
- Carbohydrates
- What is the word science derived from?
- The Latin word scientia, which means "to know."
- An attempt to understand the laws and the forces of nature.
- Science
- A method to understand science. It is an organized plan to secure information, which can be used to analyze a situation or perhaps solve a problem.
- Scientific Method
- What may the selection of the format of the scientific method used depend upon?
- The particular problem which needs to be solved or that particular situation that needs to be analyzed.
- What are the 4 basic components of the scientific method?
- 1- Observation: You identify the problem or the situation to be analyzed. 2- Hypothesis: A scientific guess or a hunch from the observations/experimentation conducted. 3- Tests/ Experimentation: (AKA Materials and Methods); In experimentation we have controlled attempts, which are used to test our hypothesis. 4- Conclusion: (results, discussion) A summary of what happened.
- As the hypothesis is repeatedly tested and addational data or information is procured, the hypothesis then reaches a level of a _____. This attempts to pull together information and facts, which are derived through many different (repeated) observations a
- Theory
- What is the dominant tool used in biological investigations (research)?
- The microscope
- What are other tools used in research?
- The instruments of dissection (scalpel, hands, forceps, scissors, hemostats (clamps), pins, retractors, laser, computers), balances, volumetric flasks, and the Metric System.
- This system has been used by scientists all over the world as the standard system of measurements and measurement units.
- The Metric system
- What are some common prefixes of the metric system?
- 1: Kilo (k)- (one thousand units) 2:Hecto (h): one hundred units (hectometers measure acreage) 3: Deci (d): one tenth unit of something (decimeter= .1 meter) 4: Centi (c)- one hundredth of something (.01) 5: Milli (m)- one thousandth of something (.001)
- Commonly used to measure distance
- Meter (m)
- Commonly used to measure in volume of something
- Liter (L)
- Commonly used to measure the weight or mass of something.
- gram (g)
- Life not coming from life. Living things orginate from nonliving things.
- Abiogenesis Genesis=the beginning; bio= life; a= flips meaning of it
- What are some examples of abiogenesis?
- Belief that maggots come directly from rotting meat, not eggs. Or belief that some fish,frogs, and other aquatic life came from the sand in a body of water.
- Living things are derived only from living things. Life originates from life.
- Biogenesis
- What are the levels of organization?
- 1st: Cell 2nd: Tissue 3: Organs 4: Organ Systems 5: Organisms
- Those organisms which are composed of only one cell (bacteria, protozoans)
- unicellular
- Those organisms that have two or more cells (humans, animals)
- multicellular
- What organisms exist only at the cellular level?
- Bacteria, protozoans, etc.
- An organization of similar cells, which is generally associated with the higher order of plants and animals, which work together to perform a specific function or functions.
- Tissue
- What cell is more complex and sophisticated than any thechnology that we have?
- A bacteria cell.
- What are the three different types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal (moves the skeleton around); smooth muscle tissue (areas where there's not alot of movement (stomach- contracts slowly)); cardiac muscle tissue (heart)
- What is the most connective tissue in our body?
- Blood
- Two or more different types of tissues designed and organized to perform a specific function and functions.
- Organs
- Composed of organs that do not generally walk alone, but rather work together among the systems to carry out a specific function or functions.
- Organ Systems
- The biological discipline in the field of study which one uses to classify things.
- Taxonomy
- Who was the Swedish botanist who started the modern science of taxonomy?
- Carolous Linnaeus
- How were living things described prior to Linnaeus?
- In a rather lengthy fashion using in most cases Latin descriptions.
- What was Linnaeus' system of description called?
- binomial nomenclature (nomeno= name, binomial= two.... two names)
- What does the 1st name in bionomenclature represent? The second name?
- 1st: genus 2nd: species
- What are the 3 domans of Linnaeus' system?
- Eukarya, Bacteria, Archea. Each of these domains have their own characteristics.
- What are the levels of the domains from the highest (most inclusive) level to the lowest level (the most inclusive)?
- Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- What are the 4 general reasons that we use scientific names (specifically binomial nomenclature)?
- 1. They are never duplicated. There is consistency in the names. 2. They are usually descriptive. 3. There is a systematic relationship. 4.The names are used by people all over the world.
- Refers to anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Matter
- A measurement of the amount of matter.
- Mass
- What are the 3 fundamental states that matter exists in?
- Solid form, liquid form, gaseous form.
- Matter exists in a numbe r of basic substances, what are they?
- elements
- What are some of the natural elements?
- Hydrogen, Lithium, carbon, Nitrogen, Magnesium, Sodium, Sulfur, Aluminum, Potassium, etc.
- In 1805, who was the British man who confirmed the fact that natural elements are made up of smaller units we call atoms?
- John Dalton
- Natural elements are made up of smaller units called what?
- Atoms.
- When atoms combine, what do they form?
- compounds or molecules
- What is the most common molecule in the world?
- H2O
- What are the 3 major subatomic particles that make up atoms?
- Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
- The subatomic particles that are positively charged.
- Protons
- The subatomic particles that have no charge, neutral charge.
- Neutrons
- Subatomic particles that are negatively charged.
- Electrons
- The core of the atom (center of atom) that is made up of protons and neutrons.
- Nucleus
- What is the charge of the nucleus of an atom?
- Positively charged.
- What is the simplist of all the atoms?
- Hydrogen (H)
- The # of protons in the nucleus determines what?
- Atomic Number ( the number of the elements on the periodic table)
- The sum of the protons and then neutrons within the nucleus of an atom
- Atomic weight (or the atomic mass number)
- Atoms of an element that have additional neutrons in the nucleus, outside of its natural state.
- Isotopes
- How are fats formed?
- The combination of an alcohol (usually glycerol) and fatty acids.
- Fats or lipids that are created when you have an alcohol present other than glycerol.
- Waxes (ex. beeswax)
- Fats which contain a phosphate group at one end and a lipid at the other end
- phospholipids
- Lipids that are composed of 4 fursed rings of carbon atoms
- Steriods
- Macromolecules that are made up of amino acids. These are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur.
- Proteins
- How are proteins formed?
- By the combination of amino acids (which are joined together by peptide bonds).
- What is the acid end of an amino acid? The amino end?
- 1- Carboxly end 2- nitrogenous end The carboxyl end always hooks up with the nitrogenous end
- What happens when you hook two amino acids up together?
- Dipeptide
- When you hook amino acids up that have a lot of peptides what do you get?
- Polypeptides (proteins)
- Where are proteins made?
- Ribosomes
- Protein catalysts (speed up reaction that are designed for specific reactions and they react with specific molecules, which yield specific products. It is through their activity that cells can produce more product.
- Enzymes
- A nucleic acid that has a direct connection with the nucleus
- DNA
- A nucleic acids that has an indirect association with the nucleus, because of it's close association with DNA
- RNA
- What are the 3 basic parts of a nucleotide? (A nucleotide is a molecule).
- 1st part: a phosphoric acid 2nd part: a 5 carbon sugar (in RNA it's rybos and in DNA it's deoxyrybos 3rd ditroginous base (contains nitrogen)
- If a nucleotide contains deoxyrybos as its sugar, and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine what do you get?
- DNA
- If the nucleotides contain rhybos as their sugar in the nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine what do you get?
- RNA
- The great Russian Biochemist who suggested in 1924 that life began on this planet as a result of chemical changes which took place over millions of years.
- Alexander Oparin
- What are the building blocks of life?
- amino acids
- The smallest unit of life. Come in all different shapes and sizes. They mark the boundary between the living and the nonliving because it is through the action of this that the fact the nonliving becomes the living.
- Cells
- What are the two categories of cells?
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- A cell that lacks a distinct membrane bound nucleus. These are found in bacteria and algae. In these, instead of a nucleus enveloped by a membrane, you have a nucleoid region which is an area that contains the genetic components of the cell.
- Prokaryotes
- Considered to be not only the unitive structure but also a function among plants and elements. Has a true nucleus.
- Eukaryotes
- Little organs in cells that have different functions
- Organelles
- A characteristic usually found in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane. It is porous. It is double layered. Made mostly of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate.
- Cell Wall