Foundations of Education Final Terms
Terms
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- Ethnic Group
- subgroup of our population; common culture, language, customs, etc.
- Mass media
- that which reaches a national audience
- Socio-economic status
- determined by education, wealth, income, occupation, power, prestige, etc.
- Society
- group of people who share a common culture, government, institutions, land, etc.
- Socialization
- how people are conditioned to norms/customs of a particular culture
- Diversity
- groupings defined by social class, ethnicity, race, language, religion, exceptionality, gender, intelligence, etc.
- exceptionalities
- those termed gifted & talented and those with mental/physical disabilities
- learning disability
- delayed development in one or more processes of thinking, speaking, reading, writing, listening, or in performing math operations
- ADHD
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder -affects 3-7% of our population -marked by inattention or hyperactivity and/or learning or emotional disability
- globalization
- growth of international exchange
- divergent thinking
- activities like brainstorming, debating, open discussion -applies to opinions
- Proprietary school
- school that runs to make a profit
- Drug-free school zone
- area designated to be drug free -promotes safe, drug-free learning environment & gives a good message -if someone violates it, penalties are usually doubled
- Gifted & talented
- those with outstanding talent to perform or who show potential for performing at a remarkably high level of accomplishment when compared to others of their age
- Language diversity
- English is not a native language for growing numbers of students (almost 10 million in 2003 alone)
- Curriculum mapping
- writing down what is taught, when it is taught, how it was assessed and is there alignment in scope & sequence -great communications tool
- subject-centered curriculum
- oldest and most common structure and most traditional - curriculum as a prograpm of studies or collection of courses that represent what students should know
- No Child Left Behind
- 2001 President George W. Bush and others; requred assessments in gr. 3-8 in Math & ELA -better certifications for teachers; mandated reporting of yearly progress
- Curriculum
- ALL the educational experiences of students taking place in our schools
- Mandated Assessment
- testing programs (local/state/federal) -minimum competancy =65-84%, mastery =85%+
- Hidden curriculum
- not actually taught but perhaps implied by the instructor
- Null curriculum
- process of avoiding 'controversial issues' (i.e. condoms in Health class)
- Instructional goals
- general statements about learning (want you to learn how to add)
- instructional objectives
- much more specific (want you to learn how to add two place numbers by the end of this week)
- taxonomy
- a classification system (Bloom - from basic learning/comprehension up to synthesis & evaluation)
- Synectics
- engage everyone in creative thinking
- critical thinking
- higher order thinking skills
- multiple intelligences
- ways in which people learn (orally, visually, logically, etc.)
- Cooperative learning
- small groups having a specific assignment or task; working as a group usually with assigned roles
- Procedural knowledge
- what we can do with what we know
- declarative knowledge
- just what we know
- imaginative learner
- learns best by listening & sharing; needs to process & reflect on what they are told
- analytic learner
- does well in traditional classrooms; hear/see then process, reflect and commit to memory
- common sense learner
- needs to see and understand why they are learning - how does it apply to their lives
- dynamic learner
- hands-on learner; project oriented
- constitutions
- written contracts for establishment of governments; highest level of law
- General Welfare clause
- allows Congress to tax and spend money for education as part of the general welfare of people
- Statutory law
- law consisting of written enactments of legislative bodies - 2nd highest level of law
- OSHA
- (Occupational Safety & Health Act) -helps furnish a safe working environment for all
- Plenary= Case=
- =absolute =common law
- Compulsory attendance
- law which stipulates children must attend school between ages of 5-17
- Certification
- license for teaching
- Section 504 Rehabilitation Act of 1973
- reasonable accomodations for mental or physical disorders
- Tenure
- status conferred on teachers who have served probationary periods and have acceptable evaluations
- Reasons for dismissal
- 1. immorality - involving sexual relations/remarks/materials/conduct 2. incompetency - lack of ability, legal qualifications, or fitness to discharge required duties 3. insubordination - persistent, willful and deliberate violation of a reasonable rule or direct order from a recognized authority
- Sexual harassment
- unwelcome advances or outright requests for sexual favors as a condition for employment (jokes, touching, pictures, language, etc.)
- Affirmative Action
- steps in place to recruit, hire, and retain individuals who are underrepresented in the workplace
- [3 main] Leagal responsibilities of teachers
- 1. reporting child abuse & neglect 2. copyright law 3. tort liability (tort = a civil wrong that leads to injury and for which a court will provide a remedy)
- Short-term suspension = Long-term suspension=
- =5 days or less (Principal) tutoring for those under age 16 =by Superintendent 10 days or more
- Gun Free School Act of 1994
- full year suspension (weapons)
- FERPA Act of 1974
- family education rights & privacy act -federal law -protecton of parents and students (release of records to unauthorized people)
- School boards
- appointed or elected -no edu requirement -must reside in district
- Principal
- primary responsibility of success or failure of educational program in a school -lead staff in vision and climate of a school
- district budgets
- main costs are personnel
- site based management
- building level committees (teachers/parents/students) make decisions (i.e. report cards)
- Charter schools
- school choice
- equity
- equal treatment for all students
- adequacy
- implies level of funding is sufficient
- choice
- local districts choose level of spending
- Equalized Foundation Grants
- difference between fixed level of expenditure per student set by the State & amount district can collect locally via a uniform tax rate
- "Ad Valorem" tax:
- the local property tax
- Culture
- behavioral patterns, ideas, values, norms, religions, beliefs, customs, etc., of a given people at a given time in history
- Multiculturalism
- diversity of our population in terms of ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender, and exceptionalities
- Macroculture
- broad ideas (i.e. I am American)
- Microculture
- very specific ideas (I am Afro-American, Catholic, from an upper-class background living in the South)
- I.D.E.A. (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
- all children between 3-21 -free & appropriate education, least restrictive environment, individualized education plan
- Inclusion
- efforts to increase # of students with disabilities into 'regular' classroom -special services/resources to come to them in regular classrooms rather than them going out to specialized resource rooms
- Verve
- high level of energy and enthusiasm
- Nexus
- connection between out-of-school misbehavior and teacher's ability to teach (part of dismissal process)
- At-risk student
- developmentally normal child who happens to be coping with a challenging situation
- self-fullfilling prophecy
- having pre-conceived ideas of how a child with particular 'challenges' will behave or progress
- Resiliency
- how to successfully cope with challenging situations (at risk factors)
- Drop out
- leaving school for any reason before graduation and not enrolling in another school
- Child Abuse/Neglect
- act or failure to act on part of parent/guardian which results in death, injury, emotional harm, or sexual abuse
- Bullying
- form of aggressive behavior - verbal/social, physical or psychological repeated over a period of time
- Acting In
- directing feelings inward (depression/suicide)
- Acting out
- feelings directed outward (disruptive behaviors/discipline problems)
- Net geners
- (this generation answers to the 'baby boomers') - technology skills
- Heiddi Hayes Jacobs
- (person) curriculum mapping
- Elliot Eisner
- (person) curriculum designers are like artists
- Benjamin S. Bloom
- taxonomy; classification system for 'learning' knowledge -evaluation
- Howard Gardner
- (person) multiple intelligences -8 ways of 'thinking' -higher order thinking skills
- Richard Mills
- (person) NYS Commissioner of Education
- Thomas Jefferson
- (person) called for 'wall of separation' between church & state
- Ellwood Cubberley
- (person) led to state adopted school finance equalization methods for education
- James Banks
- (person) 5 dimensions of multicultural education
- Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson
- (person) Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965
- Don Tapscott
- (person) "Growing Up Digital" -net geners
- Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
- (SC) teachers & students CAN express opinions as long as they do not disrupt or cause disorder or invade rights of others
- Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
- (SC) teacher WAS within his rights to criticize Superintendent & BOE as to how they spent district money
- Connick V. Myers (1983)
- (SC) free expression is NOT protected when an employee speaks as an employee
- Stroman V. Collerton County (1992)
- (SC) letter encouraging a 'sick out' during final exam week DOES undermine effectiveness of working relationship and is disruptive
- San Antonio V. Rodriguez (1983)
- (SC) education is NOT a constitutionally guaranteed right
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1972)
- (SC) state support to private/non-public schools IS unconstitutional
- Engle v. Vitale (1962)
- (SC) public schools may NOT require recitation of prayer in schools
- Lee v. Weisman (1992)
- (SC) school prayer at graduation led by administration IS UNconstitutional
- West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
- (SC) compulsory Flag allegiance IS unconstitutional
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- (SC) separate but equal facilities for blacks and white ARE constitutionally permitted
- Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)
- (SC) separate but equal facilities ARE constitutional
- Chain of command in school
- -state: commissioner of education -Local: superintendent-> principal
- How schools work with $
- -contracts, payrolls, personnel -expenditure: any $ school boards spend