Medical Terminology Exam 4
Terms
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- arachnoid membrane
- middle layer of the 3 membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord
- autonomic nervous system
- nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
- axon
- microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
- brainstem
- lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; the pons & medullla are part of the brain stem
- cell body
- part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
- central nervous system (CNS)
- brain and spinal cord
- cerebellum
- part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
- cerebral cortex
- outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
- dendrite
- microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the 1st part to receive the nervous impulse
- dura mater
- thick outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain & spinal cord
- hypothalamus
- portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
- medulla oblongata
- part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat & the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
- meninges
- 3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
- motor nerves
- carry msgs away from the brain & spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerves
- myelin sheath
- fatty tissue that surrounds, protects, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell (white in color)
- meningitis
- inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
- brain disease and dementia occuring with AIDS
- brain tumors
- abnormal growths of brain tissue and meninges
- cerebral contusion
- bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hrs.
- coma
- loss of consciousness
- cerbrovascular accident (CVA)
- disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke (Pg 358)
- TIA
- transient ischemic attacks
- absence seizure
- minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of contact w/ the environment
- aneurysm
- local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall
- embolus
- a mass (clot) of material travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
- gait
- manner of walking
- ictal event
- pertaining to sudden, acute onset, as the convulsions of an epilepic seizure
- occlusion
- closure of a blood vessel
- palliative
- relieving symptoms but not curing
- TIA, transient ischemic attack
- mini-stroke
- tonic-clonic seizure
- major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements
- cerebrospinal fluid analysis
- samples of CSF are examined
- cerebral angiography
- X-ray images of the blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material
- computed tomography (CT) of the brain
- X-rays compose a computerized cross-sectional image of the brain and spinal cord
- myelography
- X-ray images of the SPINAL CORD after injection of contrast medium into the sub arachnoid space
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain
- magnetic & radio waves create an image of the brain in all three planes
- electroencephalography (EEG)
- recording of the electrical activity of the brain
-
lumbar (spinal) puncture (LP)
lumbar tap
spinal tap - CSF is w/drawn from b/n 2 lumbar vertebrae
- AD
- Alzheimer disease
- ALS
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- CNS
- central nervous system
- CSF
- cerebrospinal fluid
- CT
- computed tomography
- CVA
- cerebrovascular accident
- EEG
- electroencephalogram
- LP
- lumbar puncture
- MG
- myasthenia gravis
- MRI
- magnetic resonance imaging
- MS
- multiple sclerosis
- sinus rhythm
- normal heart rhythm
- sphygmomanometer
- device that measures blood pressure
- aorta
- largest artery in the body
- arteriole
- small artery
- artery
- largest type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
- atrium (atria; plu)
- one of two upper chambers of the heart
- coronary arteries
- the blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
- deoxygenated blood
- blood that is oxygen poor
- diastole
- relaxation phase of the heartbeat
- endocardium
- inner lining of the heart
- mitral valve
- valve b/n the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart
- murmur
- an extra heart sound, heard b/n normal beats
- myocardium
- muscle layer of the heart
- pacemaker
- specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat; also called the sinoatrial node
- pulmonary artery
- artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
- pulmonary circulation
- flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
- pulmonary valve
- positioned b/n the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
- one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
- pulse
- beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
- septum (plu; septa)
- partition; in the cardiovascular system b/n the right and left sides of the heart
- sinoatrial node (SA node)
- pacemaker of the heart
- systemic circulation
- flow of blood from body cells to the heart and back out from the heart to the cells
- systole
- contraction phase of the heartbeat
- tricuspid valve
- located b/n the right atrium and the right ventricle, it has 3 leaflets, or cusps
- valve
- structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction
- vein
- thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs to the heart. veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
- vena cava (plu; venae cavae)
- larges vein in the body; superior and inferior venae cavae bring blood in the the right atrium of the heart
- ventricle
- one of the two lower chambers of the heart
- venule
- small vein
- angi/o
- vessel
- aort/o
- aorta
- arter/o, arteri/o
- artery
- ather/o
- yellowish plaque, fatty substance
- atri/o
- atrium, upper heart chamber
- brachi/o
- arm
- cardi/o
- heart
- cholesterol/o
- cholesterol
- coron/o
- heart
- cyan/o
- blue
- myx/o
- mucus
- ox/o
- oxygen
- pericardi/o
- pericardium
- phelb/o
- vein
- sphygm/o
- pulse
- steth/o
- chest
- thromb/o
- clot
- vavul/o, valv/o
- valve
- vas/o
- vessel
- vascul/o
- vessel
- ven/o, ven/i
- vein
- ventricul/o
- ventricle, lower heart chamber
- arrhythmias
- abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)i.e. heart block (atrioventricular block), flutter, fibrillation
- heart block (atrioventricular block)
- failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
- flutter
- rapid but regular contractions of atria or ventricles
- fibrillation
- rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions of the heart
- cardio version
- electric shock stops the heart and reverses its abnormal rhythm
- cardiac arrest
- is the sudden and often unexpected stoppage of heart movement
- palpitations
- uncomfortable sesations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias
- coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
- narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
- patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- a small duct (ductus arteriosus) b/n the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open (patent)
- septal defects (extracorpoeal circulation)
- small holes in the septa b/n the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defect)
- heart-lung machine
- machine connected to the patient's circulatory system, relieves the heart and lungs of pumping and oxygenation funcs. during heart surgery
- minimally invasive heart surgery
- through 3 or 4 small "puncture" holes in the chest special instruments are used to repair the defect (septal defects)
- tetralogy of Fallot
- a congenital malformation of the heart involving four distinct defects 1- pulmonary artery stenosis 2-ventricular septal defect 3-shift of the aorta to the right 4-hypertrophy of the right ventricle
- "blue baby"
- infant w/ tetralogy or Fallot at birth b/c of extreme degree of cyanosis
- congestive heart failure (CHF)
- the heart is unable to pump its required amt of blood (more blood enters the heart from the veins than leaves through the arteries)
- coronary artery disease (CAD)
- disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
- atherosclerosis
- the deposition of fatty cmpds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries
- thrombotic occlusion
- blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
- ischemia
- decreased blood flow
- necrosis
- death
- acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
- consequences after plaque rupture in coronary arteries like unstable angina and myocardial infarction
- unstable angina
- chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency
- myocardial infarction
- heart attack
- nitroglycerin
- given for acute attacks of angina; sublingually
- coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
- replacement of clogged vessels
- percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
- catherization w/ balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries
- endocarditis
- inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis)
- hypertensive heart disease
- high blood pressure affecting the heart
-
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
floppy valve syndrome
barlow syndrome
click murmur syndrome - improper closure of the mitral valve
- pericarditis
- inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart
- rheumatic heart disease
- heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
- hypertension (HTN, HBP)
- high blood pressure
- peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
- blockage of blood vessels outside the heart
- Raynaud disease
- short episodes of pallor and cyanosis in the fingers and toes
- varicose veins
- abnormally swollen & twisted veins, usu. occurring in the legs
- acute coronary syndromes
- the consquences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries: unstable angina and myocardial infarction
- angina (pectoris)
- chest pain resulting from a temporary difference b/n the supply and the demand of oxygen to the heart muscle
- auscultation
- listening with a stethoscope
- emboli (sing; embolus)
- collections of material (clots or other substances) that travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel
- infarction
- area of dead tissue
- nitroglicerin
- a nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
- patent
- open
- vegetations
- clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on the endocardium in conditions such as bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease
- angiography
- X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
- digitial subtraction angiography (DSA)
- video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
- Doppler ultrasound
- sound waves measure movement of blood flow
- echocardiography (ECHO)
- High frequency sound waves an echoes produce images of the heart
- cardic MRI
- images of cardiac tissure are produced w/ magnetic waves
- cardiac caterization
- a thin flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
- electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
- recording of electricity flowing through the heart
- Holter monitoring
- an ECG device is worn during a 24-hr period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
- stress test
- excercise tolerance test (ETT)determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)
- cardioversion (defibrillation)
- very brief discharges of electricity, applied across the chest to stop arrhythmias
- coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
- arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages (minimally invasive procedure instead of traditional sternotomy)
- endarterectomy
- surgical removal of the diseased inner layers of an artery
- extracorporeal circulation
- a heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is being repaired
- heart transplantation
- a donor heart is transferred to a recipient
- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
- a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place; includes percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
- thrombolytic therapy
- drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients w/ coronary thrombosis
- ACS
- acute coronary syndromes
- AF
- atrial fibrillation
- AMI
- acute myocardial infarction
- AS
- aortic stenosis
- ASD
- atrial septal defect
- AV, A-V
- atrioventricular
- BBB
- bundle branch block
- BP
- blood pressure
- CABG
- coronary artery bypass graft
- CAD
- coronary artery disease
- CCU
- coronary care unit
- Cath
- catherization
- CHF
- congestive heart failure
- CoA
- coarctation of the aorta
- DSA
- digital subtraction angiography
- DVT
- deep venous thrombosis
- ECC
- extracorporeal circulation
- ECG, EKG
- electrocardiogram
- ECHO
- echocardiography
- ETT
- excercise tolerance test
- HTN, HBP
- high blood pressure
- LV
- left ventricle
- LVH
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- MI
- myocardial infarction
- MR
- mitral regurgitation
- MVP
- mitral valve prolapse
- NSR
- normal sinus rhythm
- PCI
- percutaneous coronary interventions
- PDA
- patent ductus arteriosus
- PTCA
- percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; balloon angioplasty
- PVC
- premature ventricular contraction
- SA, S-A
- sinoatrial
- SOB
- shortness of breath
- UA
- unstable angina
- VSD
- ventricular septal defects
- VT
- ventricular tachycardia
- Blood groups
- Types A, B, AB, O
- coagulation
- blood clotting
- antibody
- protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens; antibody specific to antigen & inactivates it
- antigen
- a substance (usu. foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
- erthrocyte
- red blood cell, about 5 million per micorliter/ cubic millimeter of blood
- hemolysis
- destruction or breakdown of blood (rbc)
- heparin
- anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
- immune reaction
- response of the immune system to foreign invasion
- leukocyte
- white blood cell
- plasma
- liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins
- plasmapheresis
- removal of plasma from w/drawn blood my centrifuge. cells are retransfused into the donor. fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace w/drawn plasma
- platelet
- smallest blood cell (thrombocyte); clumps at sites of injury to prevent bleeding and facilitate clotting
- serum
- plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. clear yellowish fluid that serparates from blood when its allowed to clot. formed from plasm, doesn't contain protein-coagulation factors
- thrombocyte
- platelet
- bas/o
- base
- chrom/o
- color
- coagul/o
- clotting
- cyt/o
- cell
- eosin/o
- red, dawn, rosy
- erythr/o
- red
- granul/o
- granules
- hem/o
- blood
- hemat/o
- blood
- hemoglobin/o
- hemoglobin
- is/o
- same, equal
- kary/o
- nucleus
- leuk/o
- white
- mon/o
- one, single
- morph/o
- shape, form
- myel/o
- bone marrow
- neutr/o
- neutral (neither base or acid)
- nucle/o
- nucleus
- phag/o
- eat, swallow
- poikil/o
- varied, irregular
- sider/o
- iron
- spher/o
- globe, round
- -apheresis
- removal, carry away
- -blast
- immature, embryonic
- -cytosis
- abnormal condtion of cells (increase in cells)
- -emia
- blood condition
- -globin
- protein
- -globulin
- protein
- -lytic
- pertaining to destruction
- -oid
- derived from
- -osis
- abnormal condition
- -penia
- deficiency
- -phage
- eat, swallow
- -philia
- attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)