History Midterm 1
Late 1800s American History
Terms
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- Haymarket Riot
- This riot was a direct result of the extreme tensions between laborers and the wealthy business owners. The McCormick Reaper Company was on strike, 4 people had just been killed, tensions were high, and anarchists showed up and began speaking at the rally attended mainly by immigrant workers in May 1886 at Haymarket Square. It was originally intended as a rally to protest the establishment of a National Wage. Someone in the crowd threw a bomb, a riot broke out, 7 policemen died, and as a result 8 innocent German immigrants were arrested and the Knights of Labor were blamed for the riot. The riot resulted in the loss of all sympathy for laborers, and a fear anarchy in the middle class, which became a huge obstacle for the AF of L and Knight's of Labor.
- American Federation of Labor
- The AF of L is a good example of how labor unions progressed and tried to learn from previous mistakes. Founded in 1881 by Gompers, this labor union was only for skilled laborers that were white men-no women or blacks. It was more accommodating of corporate America and was a less extreme union that the Knights of Labor, but was still violent.
- Populism
- Populism is a term that means part of the masses, not the elite. This party formed out of the farmer's alliances in order to gain more political success. The populist party, formed in 1889, had an agenda which included a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, free coinage of silver, government regulation of industries, 8 hour workdays, and the subtreasury system. They believed that progress should continue but should be more for the needs of the people.
- Vertical Integration
- Vertical Integration involves a company controlling every aspect of their product from start to finish. For example, Carnegie took over all the different businesses that they relied on for the production of his steel, as did Rockefeller for his oil. In this way, big businesses like these were able to eliminate their competition and have a monopoly on their product, and the trusts were created.
- Battle of Little Big Horn
- Throughout the 1800s, American's were looking for a solution to the "Indian Problem." The Indians were given land in treaties, but white settlers continued to infringe upon it. Tensions between Indian nations and Americans were extremely high, and assimilation programs were forced onto the Indians, and they were forced onto reservation lands. In July of 1876, The Sioux surprised general Custer's 7th Cavalry and killed every one of them in the Battle of Little Big Horn, lead by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. After this battle, American's became even more fearful of the Indians, seeing the resistance they could have, and eventually new policies of severalty were put into place to break up the tribal systems which connected them all together.
- New Immigrant
- After the 1880s, immigrants began to come to the US from Southern and Eastern Europe and the Pacific Rim of Asia. They spoke different languages, were Catholic and Jewish, had very different cultures, and didn't easily assimilate. They came because there were fewer jobs in Europe, the population had drastically increased, and travel was cheaper. As a result, Native born Americans felt they caused a decline in the economy as well as crime, violence, poverty.
- Mississippi Plan
- Adopted by MS in 1875 and later by other southern states. The southern democrats wanted to undermine blacks, who were now forming middle classes while the white former slave owners had lost all of their power during Reconstruction and they wanted it back. They did so by starting in Vicksburg. The Democrats went in and through intimidation and political corruption, and, with help from the Red Shirts, strong armed the Republicans out of office. The Delta was the last place to fall to the Democrats.
- Hayes Compromise
- In 1877, this compromise put an end to Reconstruction. During the election of 1876, Hayes ran against Tilden and there were contested ballots in Florida. The South favored Democrat Tilden, because he would end Reconstruction. However, Republican Hayes was given the presidency with the compromise that if he would end Reconstruction, Florida would accept him as the winner.
- 13th Amendment:
- , in 1865, outlawed slavery. After this amendment, we begin to see the struggle to preserve white supremacy. With their new freedom from slavery, African Americans hoped to have all the rights of the white men, and above all freedom from being controlled by them. Southern whites, however, wanted the South to be restored to its prewar state, including keeping blacks under their control, without the North and federal government meddling.
- Dillingham Commission
- In 1907, The US Senate forms this commission to study reasons for immigration and shifts in old immigration and new immigration. They concluded that the shift in immigration corresponded with the rise in social and economic problems in the US, and that the new immigrants had brought with them crime, poverty, and violence. They decided that the US should be more careful who they let in. This led to a division between the native born Americans and the new immigrants, as well as the 1891 Immigration Act.
- Wilmington Riot
- Tensions in the South were high between the fusion party of poor whites and blacks and the white Southern Democrats who wanted control. On Nov. 10, 1898, Alex Manly's newspaper office was burned down and a riot broke out, lead by the Red Shirts, a violent white supremacist group with a political agenda. The rioters included bankers, lawyers, and merchants. All the Fusion members in office were intimidated to step down and by Nov. 11, Wilmington was controlled by white Southern Democrats. Not only was this a conflict over race, but a conflict over class, as well.
- Atlanta Compromise
- The speech given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Expo was known as this compromise. His major philosophy in this was accommodation, not integration. He felt that blacks needed to strive to be totally successful and yet totally separate from the white community.
- Social Gospel
- A reinterpretation of Christian Socialism followed by the Progressives who hoped to reform the urban areas. Progressives believed that industrialization and social capitalism had lead to social decay and that every citizen had a moral obligation to improve society. They believed capitalism had been abused and needed to be fixed.
- Hull House
- A settlement house bought and opened by Jane Addams and Starr during the progressive movement. It was located in an ethnic ghetto in Chicago and offered adult education, healthcare, job placement, food, clothing, childcare, art, culture, and theater to immigrants. This became a model for over 400 similar institutions in the country, in order to avoid the condescension and moral disapproval of all the other charity efforts.
- Gospel of Wealth
- : Written in 1889 by Carnegie , The Gospel of Wealth describes principles of Social Darwinism, as well as the fundamental principles of capitalism, wealth is worth. He believed that the market could be equated with God, and that the wealthy responsible for society because they are the most qualified. He gave most of his money for philanthropy, but lived very ostentatiously after preaching against it. The Gospel of Wealth shows the ideas of the wealthy capitalists at this time,
- 14th Amendment
- in 1868 offered the first constitutional definition of citizenship. Everyone born in the US and everyone naturalized was automatically a citizen and entitled to all the privileges and immunities guaranteed by the Constitution. This meant that slaves were given full citizenship. The amendment also imposed penalties ( reduction of representation in Congress and the electoral college) on states that denied suffrage to any adult male inhabitants. State governments could not override this law.
- Grangers
- The Grangers were a form of Agrarian reform in the South and Midwest of the late 19th Century due to the farmers becoming a debtor class, being cheated by the railroads, and weakened by interest rates and tarriffs. In 1867, the Grangers formed localized coops to create community among the farmers. They urged cooperative political action, held lectures, classes on new farming techniques, social gatherings, and opened the first catalog in the US, Montgomery Ward.