Microbiology - mycology and parasitology
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- two diseases transmitted by inhalation fo asexual spores?
- coccidiomycosis and histoplasmosis
- treatment for superficial candidal infection? for systemic?
- nystatin; amphotericin B
- Southwestern US, valley fever
- coccidiomycosis
- Mississippi and Ohio river valleys
- histoplasmosis
- rural Latin America
- paracoccidiomycosis
- bird or bat droppings; intracellular (tiny yeast inside macrophages)
- histoplasmosis
- Captain's wheel appearance
- paracoccidiomycosis
- states east of Mississippi River and Central America
- blastomycosis
- big, broad-based budding
- blastomycosis
- dimorphic fungi
- mold in soil; yeast in tissue
- on what do you culture fungi?
- Sabouraud's agar
- systemic mycoses can mimic what?
- TB (granuloma formation)
- what is cocidiomycosis in tissue?
- spherule
- treatments for mycoses?
- fluconazole or ketoconazole for local infection; ampho B for systemic infection
- what causes tinea versicolor?
- malassezia furfur
- hypopigmented skin lesions in hot, humid weather
- tinea versicolor
- treatment for tinea versicolor?
- topical miconazole, selenium sulfide
- what does cladosporium werneckii cause?
- tinea nigra
- infection of keratinized layer of skin; appears as brownish spot
- tinea nigra
- treatment for tinea nigra?
- salicylic acid
- pruritic lesions with central clearing resembling a ring, caused by dermatophytes
- tinea pedis/cruris/corporis/capitis
- mold hyphae in KOH prep, not dimorphic
- tinea pedis/cruris/corporis/capitis
- mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle
- aspergillus
- culture on Sabourauds' agar, stains with India ink?
- cryptococcus neoformans
- heavily encapsulated yeast, not dimorphic, found in soil & pigeon droppings
- cryptococcus
- fungus ball
- aspergillus
- mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (>90 degrees)
- mucor and rhizopus
- in what type of patients is mucormycosis typically seen?
- ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients
- fungi proliferate in walls of blood vessels and cause infarction of distal tissue; rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abscesses
- mucor and rhizopus
- yeast that causes diffuse interstitial pneumonia
- pneumocystis cainii
- how do you diagnose PCP?
- lung biopsy or lavage
- methenamine silver stain of lung tissue identifies what?
- pneumocystis carinii
- treatmetn for PCP?
- TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone
- dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation
- sporothrix schenckii
- cigar-shaped budding yeast visible in pus
- sporothrix schenckii
- treatment for sporothrix schenckii?
- itraconazole or potassium iodide
- bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, RUQ pain?
- entamoeba histolytica
- severe diarrhea in AIDS, mild disease (watery diarrhea) in non-HIV
- cryptosporidium
- brain abscess in HIV, brain defects (ring-enhancing lesions)
- toxoplasma
- foul smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning
- trichomonas vaginalis
- dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus
- trypanosoma cruzi (Chags' disease)
- African sleepign sickness
- trypanosoma gambinse, rhodesiense
- visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
- leishmania donovani
- rapidly fatal menigoencephalitis; swimming in freshwater lakes
- naegleria
- appears as maltese cross on blood smear
- babesia
- trophozoites on wet mount
- trichomonas vaginalis
- cysts on acid-fast stain
- cryptosporidium
- trophozoites or cysts in stool (2)
- giardia, entamoeba
- transmission of entamoeba, giradia, cryptosporidium?
- cysts in water
- transmission of toxoplasma?
- cysts in meat or cat feces
- transmission of babesia?
- ixodes tick
- transmission of leishmania?
- sandfly
- transmission of african sleeping sickness?
- tsetse fly
- undercooked pork tapeworm; larvae cause mass lesions in brain, cysticercosis
- taenia solium (tapeworm/cestode)
- eggs in dog feces when ingested can cause cysts in liver; causes anaphylaxis if antigens are released from cysts
- echinococcus granulosus (cestode/tapeworm)
- snails are host; cercariae penetrate skin of humans; causes granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver
- schistosoma (trematode/fluke)
- undercooked fish; causes inflammation of the biliary tract
- clonorchis sinensis (trematode/fluke)
- undercooked crab meat; causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung
- paragonimus westermani (trematode/fluke)
- larvae penetrate skin of feet; intestinal infection can cause anemia
- ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
- eggs are visible in feces; intestinal infection
- asarcis lumbicoides (giant roundworm)
- food contaminated with eggs; intestinal infection; causes anal pruritis
- enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
- larvae in soil penetrate the skin; intestinal infection
- strongyloides stercoralis
- undercooked meat, usually pork; inflammation of muscle, periorbital edema
- trichinella spiralis
- in drinking water; skin inflammation and ulceration
- dracunculus medinensis
- transmitted by deer fly; causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjuctiva)
- loa loa
- transmitted by female blackflies; causes river blindness
- onchocera volvulus
- food contaminated with eggs; causes granulomas (if in retina leads to blindness) and visceral larva migrans
- toxocara canis
- female mosquito; causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis)
- wuchereria bancrofti
- parasite: brain cysts, seizures
- taenia solium
- parasite: liver cysts
- echinococcus granulosus
- parasite: B12 deficiency
- diphyllobothrium latum
- parasite: biliary tract disease
- clonorchis sinensis
- parasite: hemoptysis
- paragonimus westermani
- parasite: portal hypertension
- schistosoma mansoni
- parasite: hematuria, bladder cancer
- schistosoma haematobium
- parasite: microcytic anemia
- ancylostoma, necator
- parasite: perianal pruritis
- enterobius
- outbreaks after cleaning chicken coops or exploring caves
- histoplasmosis
- what type of fungus is cryptococcus?
- yeast, not dimorphic
- cauliflower skin lesions; broad based budding yeasts
- blastomyces
- how do you diagnose trichinella?
- muscle biopsy
- RMSF-type symptoms plus berry-like clusters (morulae) inside neutrophils?
- anaplsma phagocytophilium
- what causes human granulocytic erlichiosis?
- anaplasma phagocytophilium
- asarcis lumbricoides, clonorchis seinensis, and fascida hepatica can all cause what?
- bacterial cholangitis
- what types of milaria have dormant forms?
- p. vivax and p. ovale
- species of malaria that can cause severe (cerebral) disease?
- p. falciparum
- malaria drug to prevent relapse caused by p. vivax, p. ovale?
- primaquine