Chapter Two
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- to Carl Rogers, love of support given to another person, with no conditions attached.
- UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
- an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.
- BEHAVIORISM
- in psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the sexual or life instincts of the id.
- LIBIDO
- theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.
- PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
- a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother.
- OBJECT-RELATIONS SCHOOL
- twins that develop when a fertilized egg divides into two parts that develop into seperate embryos.
- INDENTICAL (MONOZYGOTIC) TWINS
- universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious.
- ARCHETYPES
- cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others.
- INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES
- in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards.
- SUPEREGO
- cultures in which time is organized horizontally; people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules.
- POLYCHRONIC CULTURES
- in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychological energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts.
- ID
- twins that develop from two seperate eggs fertilized by different sperm; they are no more alike genetically than any other pair of siblings.
- FRATERNAL (DIZYGOTIC) TWINS
- in jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archtypes) that occur across all cultures.
- COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
- a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual.
- PERSONALITY
- a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behavior.
- HUMANIST PSYCHOLOGY
- a theory that emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through the interaction between individuals and their environments, an interaction strongly influenced by such cognitive processes as observations, expectations, perceptions, and motivating
- SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY
- in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control.
- EGO
- a general expectation about whether the results of your own actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).
- LOCUS OF CONTROL
- methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.
- DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- pysiological dispostions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate.
- TEMPERAMENTS
- in psychoanalysis, a conflict in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival; this is the key issue in the phallic stage of development.
- OEDIPUS COMPLEX
- a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community of society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community.
- CULTURE
- a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
- TRAIT
- an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of behavior and personality.
- BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
- the functional units of heredity; they are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins.
- GENES
- a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some triat that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
- HERITABILITY
- a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among different measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability. (factor)
- FACTOR ANALYSIS
- cultures in which time is organized sequentially; schedules and deadlines are valued over people.
- MONOCHRONIC CULTURES
- within the mind (psyche) or self.
- INTRAPSYCHIC
- the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.
- OPERANT CONDITIONING
- cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes.
- COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
- a stimulus or event that strengthens or increases the probability of the response it follows.
- REINFORCER
- a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
- PSYCHOANALYSIS