history midterm
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- Robespierre
- pres of committe of public safety--> dictator crazy revolutionary
- queen victoria
- one of the longest reiging queens, forced to be powerless
- textile industry
- first in revolution, spinning jenny,.made factories
- sphere of influence
- form of impeialism-indep. but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by governments
- battle of waterloo
- here was brits and prussians against French who lost, napolean sent away and died
- ricardo
- him and malthous founded capitalism , beilieved an underclass would always be poor, it there are many workers and resources than they are both cheap, opposed government
- marx
- radical socialist, wrote communist manifesto, him and engels said that society has always been divided into clases and the have and have nots would always exist, end in communism
- lowell
- revolutionized textile industry, made succesfful factory in MA
- guisseppe garibaldi
- led mass of nationalists , captured sicily (red shirt) united south
- creoles
- next class under peninsulares, born in latin america but not spain, could be officers, them and penin were minors controlled wealth
- brazil
- creoles demanded their indep. from portugal got it thru bloodless revolution
- national convention
- french assembly, held exec. power (leg and constitutioal), robespirre led
- simon bolívar
- wealthy venezuelan, general in south american war for indep, largely responsible for gaining victory and indep. of spain, won venez;s
- decline of ottoman empire
- was pretty much just turkery when weak, russia realized how geopolitical it was and tried to make alliances but failed, crimean war made this empire realize they were weak because they won only with help
- germany case study
- two largest states in it were a-h empire and prussia, prussia wanted to make huge army but stopped because of parliament, Bismarck led and philosophy of realpolitik, seven week's war between P and Austria, P won and got control of north ,franco-prussian war unified south and now all unified
- camillo di cavour
- count of sardinia to prime minister, wanted to strengthen his kingdom;s power ended up uniting italy, suceeded, insinuated nationalistic revolts in S italy
- adam smith
- liked ffree market (wealth of nations), thought government didnt need to interfere (economic liberty=progress)
- estates
- 1)roman catholics, own10% of land no taxes 2)rich nobles, hated enligh. own 20% no taxes 3)bourgeousie, city workers, peasants
- Hobbes
- made social contract believed people were bad needed government
- easter rebellion
- rebellion in ireland during easter week to win indep. form britian
- enclosure
- closed in fields by wealthy british landowners, formerly worked on by village farmers who were either forced to be tenant or move to city, and new inventions
- emigres
- extreme right, fled france afaid of uprisings, hated revolution
- blockade
- use of troops to prevent commercial traffic from entering and exiting
- wilhelm I
- king of prussia, wanted money but denied so bismarck helped him because he was rich
- guillotine
- beheader, used most during reign of terror
- continental system
- napoleon's policy of preventing trade between brits and continental europe, to destroy brit economy
- reform bill of 1832
- document by wealthy middle class, english wanted suffrage french rev spread to britian so parliament passed it for fear of violence, eliminated empty districts gave cities reps
- concert of Europe
- series of alliances by holy alliances to support rulers when all hell would break lose, metternich was in charge of this
- british east india company
- leading power in india that set up its trading posts and had own army with little brit interfernce
- miguel hidalgo
- priest of grito de dolores and led indian and mestizos, defeated
- Enlightened Despots
- absolute rulers who chose to try and make reforms but didn't give too much power away, Frederick II of prussia, catherine the great, holy roman emperor Joseph II
- scorched earth policy
- practice of burning and killing livestock and nature so enemy could not use the and
- italy case study
- first natioalist learder= mazzini, made young italy, piedmont-sardinia was leadng italian state, led movement,Cavour wanted to increase its power went thru austria and destoyed them so got everything for italy but venetia, garibaldi (red shirt) fought against sicily and won, unifying south than giving it up to him
- marconi
- first radio
- san-culottes
- french radicals, extreme left, people believed opposite, average people who wanted change
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- writer who said women need educations to be useful
- new zealand and australia
- nz by maoris (polynesians) hesitant with brits, A by aborgines sparse let brits flood in, made hem penal colonies by sending convicts, sheep fur for australia,
- indirect control
- local government officials limited self rule with a goal to develop future leaders
- plebiscite
- vote of the people, citizens so eager for leadership chose napoloen
- napoleonic code
- comprehensive system of laws of france by napoloen
- Social Contract
- Rousseau, agreement among free individuals, to create society ad a government, believed in broad democracy all equal (no titles)
- Bismarck
- prime minister, master of realpolitik chose to expand against liberal constition
- Diderot
- man who made the first encyclopedia, expressed enlightnemnet views which angered the governments
- American Revolution
- when american citizens rebelled against Brits, Brits were in debt from French and Indiain War, americans fed up with taxes (boston tea party) first continental congress, french helped us win
- Declaration of Independence
- statement of why americans broke from Brits, approved by Second Contintental Congress
- peninsulares
- (spain) colonists who were born in spain (top class)
- dominion
- self governing in domestic affairs but remained part of British empire
- mulattos
- after penin and creoles and matzos, were european indians of europe and africa, same as slaves,
- bell
- telephone
- protectorate
- form of imperialism-country or territory with own inernal government but under control of outside power
- realism
- tried to show life as it is not as it should be, charles dickens
- Metternich
- had three goals for congress of vienna, prevent french hostilness by giving them adv of being around stronger countires, wanted to restore balance of power (no threatening countries) wanted to put royal families of europe back in power
- ford
- assembly line of affordable cars
- nationalism
- belief that loyalty should be towards the nation, not king or emperor
- socialism
- factors of production owned by public and operate for the welfare of all, grew from optimism gov actively involved, wanted public owenership
- great famine
- plants fungus on potoaos, over one million died and fled, resentment towards Brits grew, irish eventually got it
- civil war
- after lincoln was president the south gradually seceded from union, confeds fired and then north won, lincoln changed mind and realized abolishing slavery would save union, issued emancipation proclamation
- tennis court oath
- national assembly locked in until new consitituion
- Rousseau
- freedom/social contract (all equal no titles)
- radicals
- desired drastic change in eruope, wanted exteneded democracy to everyone, idealized french rev
- romanticism
- movement in art and ideas to show thoughts and indiviudal feelings, rejected ordered world, used emotions, untamed nature, FRANKENSTEIN
- manifest destiny
- the idea that the united states had the right and duty to rule North america from the atlantic and pacific, supported westward expanions, justified natives eviction
- canada's self-rule
- french and birts went to south and east of this plaes, roman cath french vs protestant english both wanted greater voice, upper canda eng lower french, durhams report said that they should reuinite and get more brits to make french blend in
- Separation of Powers
- Montesquie; assignment of executive legislative and judicial
- nation-state
- an indep, nation of people having a common culture and identity
- economic imperialism
- indep. but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments
- napoleon
- pretended to be chosen leader of france, through plebiscite got all votes and came to power, tried to conquer with war
- manchester case study
- rapid growth, filthy but gradual rise in standard of living, outskirts pretty but inside were child labor and dangers
- Voltaire
- writer wanted to revolution
- colony
- form of imperialism-region governs internally by foreign power
- boer war
- war for control of south africa, was between british and boers (dutch), brits won with u.s helping boers
- abolitionism
- fight to abolish slavery, by believing it was morally wrong or more expensive than cheap labor
- coup d'état
- "blow of state" sudden seizure of power
- direct control
- foregin officials brought in to rule without self rule and a goal of assimilation where a nation forces subjects to adopt their customs
- unions
- worker composed voluntary associations to press for reforms
- africa
- first belgium claimed congo, then other european countries tried to come into africa and claim parts, french with sudan and berlin confrence made to preefnt competition from getting too fierce, miner resources of this places was good exports
- social contract
- agreement so people define and limit their indiv. rights to create an organized society or government (Hobbes)
- dutch east india company
- founded by dutch to establish direct trade throughout asi
- utilitarianism
- be bentham, things should be judged on their usefulness, government should promote greatest good for everyone
- collective bargaining
- unions used these between workers and employers, the unions could stirke if refused
- Women of Enlightenment
- woman made salons (meetings) and others fought for basic freedom rights of women
- mercantilism
- an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and selling more goods than bought
- natural rights of man
- (locke) all people born with these rights, life liberty and property
- emmeline pankhurst
- arrested many times in jail led hunger strikes to keep women suffrage in attention,
- congress of vienna
- series of meeetings to get long lasting peace, composed of european heads of government, european order was goal
- sepoy rebellion
- when indian soldiers reused to go against morals nd gfought back against brits
- impressionism
- one subject in a moment of time, light and shimmering colors, MOnet, happy fun
- greek independence
- they revoluted from ottoman truks and powerful Europeans sided with them , destroyed ottomans and all signed treaty recognizing its indep
- edison
- discovered electricity
- livingstone
- was a minster from scotland who searched for the source of the nile, many years later stanley sent to find hi, returend to africa and signed treaties with cheifs of congo saying now controlled by belgium
- reign of terror
- robespierre's dictatorship, guillotine, love revolution too much
- checks and balances
- designed to prevent any one branch of government from domination
- Baroque
- grand ornate style luxury, palace of versailles, bach music, paintings rich in details and color
- Mozart
- gifted child who wrote great operas and composers
- peninsular war
- spanish rebels helped by Brits to drive Napoleon's troops out of Spain
- imperialism
- takeover of a country or territory by stronger nation or company with intent of dominating politcal, economic and social life of people of that nation
- wright brothers
- flight
- reconstruction
- when the union troops occupied south and enforced constitutional protections, afer south passed jim crow laws
- Neoclassical
- "new classical" order, reason and balance, simplicty and elegancy, classical greece, classical music
- holy alliances
- czar alexanfer, emperor of austria and king of prussia, to solve european's hesitiance for liberty equality and fraternity
- trail of tears
- due to indian removal act, forced indians east and cherokees to walk to oklahoma
- laissez-faire economics
- policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference, favored government unregulated free market
- egypt
- deopolitical location, leaders modernized like suez canal with frency money and since they owed so much debt the brits occupied them and took of the canal for their markets
- louis XVI
- french king, racked up debt, people hated him married marie antoinette
- philosophes
- group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment, (Voltaire..)
- national assembly
- needed radical change, 3rd estate made, revolution
- india
- leader power of the east company , soldiers were called sepoys but dangerous to turn on brits
- articles of confederation
- what the 13 states created to protect their authorty, it deliberatley created a weaked national government to give power to the indiv. states
- communism
- form of complete socialism where all means of production owned by people in class less society
- Haydn
- made sonatas and symphonies, new trends
- irish home-rule
- relgious conflict between irish and english, emancipation act pased once irealand joined britain gave many rights back to native catholics
- wilberforce
- led abolition fight for slavery to end, got brits to abolish
- capitalism
- by ricardo and malthus, system where money is invested in business ventures with goal of making profit, caused indus revolution, no government involved or min wage
- olympe de gouges
- woman who wrote the decleration of the rights of women, beheaded as enemy of revolution
- dreyfus affair
- controversy where anti-semitists thought this jewish officer was guilty for sellings secrets, farmed so guilty, years later reoppened and innocence
- psychology
- study of human mind and behavior, freud
- l'ouverture
- led haitian revolt , freed slaves died in jail after haiti became first black colony to gain indep.
- conservatives
- wealthy property owners as well as nobilty, wanted traditional monarchies, absolute rule, like old regime,
- charist movement
- arose to press for more rights, called for all men to be able to vote and annual parliament elections, protests and yars made par give working and rural working class suffrage
- mann
- american who tried to reform public education and prisons
- rise of mass culture
- appeal of art writing and music to large audience, cuased by spread of public education,
- legitimacy
- the hereditary right of a monarch to rule
- crimean war
- war between brits/french and russians, reason brits and french had alliance formed an alliance was because didnt want russians to get control of additional lands, first war with women and newspapers brits won
- jose de san martin
- liberator from spanish army, died trying to drive out spanish forces in peru
- jose maria morelos
- led revolution after hidalgo, defeated by creoles