Reagan Modern World History Final Study Guide
There are a few missing, but the ones that are missing are really easy
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- John Calvin
- Established the most powerful and influential reformed group in the Swiss city of Geneva
- Zwingli
- a swiss priest. Led the Swiss protestant movement. Stressed salvation through faith alone and denounced many Catholic beliefs and practices, such as purgatory, and the sale of indulgences
- Vesalius
- Believed that because Galen didn't dissect humans, many of his theorie shouldn't be accepted as truth. By dissecting human bodies, he made huge discoveries. He wrote On the Structure of the Human Body
- Galen
- formulated theories of human anatomy by dissectin dogs and rats
- Louis XVI
- tried to tax the nobility. Called the estates general for the first time in over 100 years. Beheaded by the Jacobins
- Descartes
- French philosopher who believed that thruth must be reached through reason. Wrote Discourse On Method
- habeus corpus
- a legal principle that requires aurthorities to show reasons why a person should be held in custody and to provide a speedy trial
- William Penn
- founder of the quaker colony in Pennsylvania. Advocated an assembly of nations committed to world peace
- Christopher Columbus
- sailed from spain with 3 small ships. First came to the Bahamas. Called the natives indians. Spent three months there.
- Rabelais
- France's most popular Rennaissance author. Rejected the Middle Age's focus on the afterlife and believed that people should enjoy life to the fullest
- James I
- believed in Divine Right. Constantly asked parliament for money. Sold titles of nobility when parliament refused to give him anymore money
- Concert of Europe
- meetings between the Holy Alliance and the Quadruple Alliance. Its objective was to avoid major European conflicts by resolving local problems peacefully
- puritans
- wanted to "purify" the English church of catholic rituals
- anabaptists
- initiated practice of baptism, or admitting into thier groups, only adults
- joint-stock companies
- trading venture that sold shares to divide costs and profits
- armada
- a fleet of warships organized to carry out a mission
- Restoration
- the period in which the House of Stuart was restored to the throne
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Brought together mapmakers, mathmeticians, and astronomers to study navigation. Sponsored many portugeese explorations. His explorers discovered the Azores, the Madeiras islands, and the cape of verde islands
- Diderot
- the editor of the encyclepedie
- Peter I/the Great
- sought to bring Russia into the mainstream of Europe civilization, forced nobility to adopt ways of Western Europe, ordered members of court to wear western European clothing, set up Russian capital in St. Peterburg, expanded Russia's borders in the south, east, and northwest, often fought Poland, Sweden, or Ottoman Empire, modernized military
- Spanish Armada
- a force of 130 ships and 33,000 soldiers sent to England
- Tennis Court Oath
- occured when the representatives from the third estate(who were locked out of the estates general) vowed to not leave a tennis court until they had set up a constitution for France
- the tories
- those who defended the hereditary monarchy
- Johannes Kepler
- used Brahe's data with the goal of providing mathematical proof for Copernicus's hypothesis. Proved that planets did move around the sun but discovered that they moved in ellipses. Also found that planets move faster as they get closer to the sun. He was protestant and didn't have to fear the Church
- the whigs
- those members of parliament who wanted to exclude James from the throne
- Diet of Worms
- the place where German princes met to discuss Luther's excommunication. Luther ended up coming in and then leaving.
- Jacobins
- radicals. Supporters of the Sans Cullote. Saw themselves as defenders of the revolution and the voice of the people
- Vasco de Gama
- Sailed from portugal to India in 1497. Found Muslims trading amazing materials
- The Constitution
- set up a federal system, in which political authority was divided between the national government and the state governments. Provided a seperation of power between the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government
- estates
- orders of society. Determined a person's legal rights and status
- Articles of Confederation
- under this, the U.S. was a confederation. It was before the constitution
- Stamp Act
- required that all printed materials had to bear a stamp to show that a direct tax was paid to Great Britan
- Francis Bacon
- incorporated scientific thought into philosophy. Helped to develop scientific method
- Johannes Gutenburg
- created the first movable type printer. This allowed for books to be published quicker and for less money. Humanist texts flourished because of it.
- Charles I
- inheritied England's religious conflicts and political division from his father, James I
- John Locke
- believed that government was based on a social contract and that it was necessary to establish order. Believed that all people in a state of nature are reasonable and moral and have natural rights
- The Great Fear
- When the peasants were afraid that the nobles would send robbers to kill them. It was a result of the storming of Bastille
- Galileo
- Built his own telescope and discovered that things don't revolve around the sun. He wrote a book and Pope Urban VIII put him on trial. Established universal laws of physics
- Oliver Cromwell
- led parliament's military forces. Dismissed ineffectual Rump Parliament and placed England under military control
- moriscos
- muslims who had become christians, minorities
- predestination
- doctrine of John Calvin that each person's fate is predetermined by God
- Charles II
- lived in France while he was hunted by English. His return to England was known as the restoration
- Robespierre
- Leader of the Committee of Public Safety
- Charles II
- last of the Hapsburgs in Austria, physically and mentally weak. Couldn't bone his wife
- Hernan Cortes
- landed in Mexico with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons. Alled with local enemies of the Aztec Empire and journeyed inland to Tenotitlan. Seen as a God by the Aztecs. Slaughtered thousands of Aztecs
- Ivan IV
- the most powerful of the early Russian czars, learned, religious and cruel, witnessed much cruelty as a child, saw treason everywhere, arrested, exiled, or executed many advisors, reduced the boyars power by seizing thier land and putting them under his direct rule. Increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders.
- Catherine of Aragon
- married to Henry VIII. Didn't give birth to a son. Her brother was the Holy Roman Emperor and thats why the pope would not allow the divorce
- Time of Troubles
- The period from 1598 where there were noble fueds over the throne, peasant revolts, and foreign invasion plagued Russia. Ended by an assembly of clergy, nobles, and townsmen who elected Michael Romanov as czar
- Hugo Grotius
- a Dutch journalist who called for an international code based on natural law. Believed that one body of rules could reduce the dealing of governments to a system of reason and order
- Henry VII
- first Tudor monarch, used shrewd maneuvers to disarm rivals and increase family prestige, helped rebuild English commercial prosperity by encouraging the expansion of foreign trade and promoting the collection of taxes and careful government spending
- boyars
- the Russian nobles. Much of thier power was taken by Ivan
- Phillip II
- the most powerful monarch in Spanish history
- Copernicus
- began his questioning in a time when few people dared to question age-old beliefs. Believed that the earth was round and rotated on an axis, and that the sun was the center of the universe
- Intolerable Acts
- closed Boston Harbor until the tea from the Boston Tea party was paid for. Also greatly reduced the colonist's rights of self government. They couldn't have gatherings more than once a year
- Immanuel Kant
- believed that reason couldn't answer the problems of metaphysics. Asserted that reality consisted of seperate physical and spiritual worlds and that the methods for knowing varied greatly in these two realms.
- Tycho Brahe
- Danish astronomer who set up obervatory to study heavenly bodies and accumulated much data on planetary movements
- oprichniki
- the secret police force for Russia's Ivan IV. They were those that were loyal to Ivan. Therefore, they recieved much land and terrorized the others in the country.
- Hohenzollerans
- ruled in Brandenburg but had no real power. The 30 years war weakened the assembly and allowed thier family to consolidate thier absolute rule in Prussia
- Henry VIII
- most powerful of all Tudor monarchs, fought wars in Europe and made England a naval power
- Francisco Pizarro
- invaded the Inca Empire in present-day Peru. Aided by Native American allies, he captured Atahualpa, the Incan ruler, and had thousands of Incans massacred. Killed Atahualpa even though a ransom for his release was paid
- Bill of Rights
- stated that the king could not raise taxes or maintain an army without the consent of Parliament and could not suspend laws. Declaired that parliament had to be held often. Guarenteed the right to trial by jury, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment , and limited amount of bail money that could be required.
- Metternich
- served as the host of the Congress of Vienna. Believed that in order to reestablish European stability, Europe should be restored to the way it was prior to the French Revolution.
- Henry VIII
- quarrelled with the Pope over the divorce of his wife who would not give birth
- marranos
- jews who had converted to christianity, minorities
- Great Migration
- when all of the Puritans came to the colonies because they were being persecuted by James I
- Ferdinand Magellan
- circumnavigated the globe. Died in the Phillipines
- Petition of Right
- severely limited King Charle's powers
- National Assembly
- took an oath, the Tennis Court Oath, promising not to disband until they had written a constitution for France
- Thomas Hobbes
- used the idea of natural law to argue that absolute monarchy was the best form of government
- Baron de Montesquieu
- a contributer to the Encyclopedie and one of the most learned of the philisophes in political matters. Believed that power should be divided amongst a legislative, executive, and judicial branch of government
- Atahualpa
- had just won the throne from his brother when Francisco Pizarro and other Spaniards arrived. Got captured and killed
- Reign of Terror
- the time period in which the Jacobins set out to crush all oppostion in France. 85% of 40,000 people were killed during this time
- indulgences
- certificates issued by the church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person's sins
- Lutheranism
- stressed salvation by faith alone and the Bible's role as the only source of religious truth
- Act of Union
- united England and Scotland into a new country called Great Britan. The Scots gave up thier parliament but gained representation in the English parliament
- Declaratory Act
- through this, the British parliament reasserted its right to pass laws governing colonies
- Napolean
- started as young general. Joined french leaders in a coup d' etat. Made every citizen pay taxes, made education free, and applied dictatorship before becoming Emperor of France
- Bastille
- the focus of the citizens fear that the king would disolve the National Assembly
- Henry Hudson
- an English navigator who claimed land for the Dutch along the Atlantic coast of North America
- the roundheads
- supporters of Parliament and puritans in the south and east of England
- Navigation Acts
- stated that the colonists were required to export certain products only to Great Britan or other British colonies, where they had to pay a duty. And that all good going to or coming from the colonies were to be carried by ships built in Britan
- Girondists
- a group of moderates. Felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the wealthy middle class from radical attacks. Organized support to resist strength against the mountain
- Madame de Pompadour
- the most celebrated of the wealthy and influential women who ran salons
- National Convention
- wrote France's first democratic constitution, which placed power in a single national legislature based on universal male suffrage
- Cardinal Richeleiu
- played a crucial role in strengthening the French monarchy and the Catholic Church in France. His goal was to supress the nobility and to forticate the monarchy. Accomplishments: suppressed the nobility by denying them roles in state affairs, destroyed fortified towns, and refused call estates general, centralizion state, attempted to unify
- Fransesco Petrarca
- wrote sonnets that expressed his love for a woman named Laura, who died during the Black Death
- Rousseau
- criticized what he saw as his era's excessive realiance on reason and claimed that people should rely more on instinct and emotion. Believed that humans were naturally good by that civilization and institution was corrupt. Wrote THE SOCIAL CONTRACT.
- the Middle Passage
- an enslaved person's journey from Africa to the Americas
- Isaac Newton
- employed the scientific method in science and math. Published his theories of gravity and other scientific concepts in Prinipia. Developed calculus to prove his theory of gravity. One of the most influential people to modern science
- the cavaliers
- the nobles and landowners in the north and west that fought for Charles. Many were armed horsemen
- the Estates General
- made up of delegates representing each estate.
- yeomen
- farmers with small landownings
- humanists
- scholars who promoted humanism, accepted classical beliefs and wanted to use them to renew thier society
- Martin Luther
- Germon monk. Started the protestant reformation. Thought that a person could be made just, or good, simply by faith alone. This was called the justification by faith.
- Bartholomeu Dias
- Left portugal in 1487 to find very Southern tip of Africa, which ended up as Cape of Good Hope. This proved that ships could reach Asia from there.
- Catherine II
- seized the throne from weak husband. Greatly influenced by Western European thinkers, considered freeing serfs, significantly expanded borders to the south and secured a warm-water port on the Black Sea