History133
Terms
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Dyansty existed before the Ming
They were Mongols - Yuan Dynasty
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Hungry to expand
led campaigns against mongols in North - Yongle Emperor
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Went on expeditions into "Southern Ocean" he went to India and as far east as Africa
Led 7 voyages in early 15th century
emporer sent him - Zheng He
- China referred to as this in earlier centuries....center of all
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Middle Kingdom
Significance is it shows how unaware the Chinese were of any other powers -
first to explore coast of Africa
Conquered Moraca - Portugese
- the seed of a tropical evergreen tree
- nutmeg
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The sheath of the nutmeg
flavors (pickles, etc.)
1 bag worth 7 oxen - Mace
- The only place Nutmeg grew
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Banda Islands
Significance is that the Banda Islands were very valuable..everyone wanted them -
Originated on a 5 island chain called the Maluku Islands
2 of Islands are volcanoes
Look like nails
Preserved food and enhance flavor - Cloves
- 5 islands north of Banda Islands 2 made out of volcanoes
- Maluku Islands
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Britian's first colony in world
Dutch took it over later
and gave British Manhatten
Nutmeg profit very great here - Run Island
- Holy Trinity of Spices
- Nutmeg, Mace, Cloves
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A ship that is Arab in origin
Unique Sails
Portugues used them in search for land and timber and spread christianity
land routes dangerous - Caravel
- First European to get around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 turned around after cape and went back
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Bartolomeu Dias
Significance: Explorations of this time period were fueled from the Spice Trade but grew to a deeper yearn for land and new items to trade. Globalization is expanding and competition between western countries are beginning to emerge - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and then goes on to reach India
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Vasco de Gama
Significance: Started a trading post empire. Europeans are now setting up ports all along this route and settlements are being established. People that settled here then looked for goods to profit their country. - Arabs taught this to Europeans and so now knew what time of year to sail and what sea routes were best to travel east
- Monsoon/Trade winds
- leader of Portugese who had the idea to create ports. Then he wanted to take over the ports. Forced ships to stop at ports and pay tax/buy pass. If you didnt have a pass Portugese would board your ship and take your goods
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Alfonso d' Alboquerque
Significance: Competition for land getting more violent -
Reached Phillipines in 1521
Spanish sent ships from mexico to Spice Islands -
Magellen
Significance: Begging of a global system there is now a new link
in 1542 5 ships to Phillipines -
already a big port city b/c of Chinese Merchants...Portugese make it bigger
from 1550-1900 manila gallenons from mexico to here - Manila
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trading place for spices
consumer center
Portugese conquered it - Melaka
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Win the Spice Trade
Had the VOC -
Dutch
Significance: Beginning of Dutch control b/c of smart idea of Queen -
Queen thought of it
private companies worked together to get the most profit -
VOC
Significance - Started a complete monopoly. VOC was sovereign and chose to execute people in order to get nutmeg Very Violent - capital of VOC
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Batavia
Significance - Wanted island of Ambon to grow All cloves...cloves elsewhere are destroyed -
Sent by the Dutch from Ambon
find unliscensed clove trees and kill those who grew them -
Hangi raids
Significane: VOC controls all important ports now and is wealthies country in 17th Century. This is the first time the "middle people" were cut out of trade. -
Existed for centuries prior to Europeans. Mostly slaves were taken from western africa across the Sahara Desert and into the Middle East
lasted from 7th - 20th Century
Mostly women and children traded b/c of domestic work -
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade
Significance: Europeans made the slave trade much worse than it was w/ the Trans-Saharan trade...INTENSIFIED it - Portugese mand who explored the coast of Africa looking for something new to sell/trade. He landed in Senegal of West Africa and realized the African system of slavery. He took some to Europe to sell and started the entire ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE in 1441
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Antam Goncalvez
Significance: Starts the whole slave trade and led to the introduction of guns into african countries -
3 steps in exchange of slaves
Spread Globalization
African leaders did it for power -
1. Europeans make aliances w/ African Kings
2. Europeans anchor off the coast and the slaves are brought to them(so they dont get diseases)
3. Europeans gave goods in return -
Small Island off the coast of Africa
set up a sugar plantation here as a test case
Slave System develops here(portugese) - Sao Tome
- Outlawed trade of slave first in 1802
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Denmark
Significance: Others follow suit all in early 19th century
U.S. abolishes importing in 1808
Mid 19th denmark & britain abolish -
Uncontrollable vomiting/diahhrea
ended in deah
largest cause of deah across the middle passage -
Dysentry
Significance: Just one of the HORRIBLE things teh middle passage brought -
Interior Brazil in the 17th Century
Combination of 10 villages of runaway slaves
had a king and trad. african society
had trade relations w/ plantations
Defeated at end of 17th century - Palmares
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Blend of African and European language. Became teh common language
took grammer paterns from Africa and European worlds -
Creole
Significane: Shows the blending of cultures even if not on purpose. Also music w/ african rhythms emerged. African slaves had christianity forced upon them...selectively(voodoo) - Three corners are Europe, Africa, New world. Ships in Europe load up w/ manufactured goods. They sail to Africa and trade goods for slaves. Slaves are taken to the new world where they are sold for goods they will produce
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Triangular Trade
Significance: Firmly establishes Africa into Global trade -
King of the Kongo
Great religious significance he embodied GOD on earth supposedly
supreme rule w/ advisory council of elders - Manikongo
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Led expedition down the African Coast and landed in Kongo
Traveled w/ Franciscan monks and left 4 in the kingdom to learn to communicate w/ the king
couldnt find the monks when he came back so he took kongolians with him -
Diogo Cao
Significance: When Cao makes 3rd trip back in 1487 he finds the monks and returns the kongolians the two sign agreements to work together and trade -
Manikongo who made agreements w/ Portuguse(Cao)
converted to christianity
Saw portugese as a good ally -
Nzinga Nkuwu - John1
Significance: Portuges and Kongolians are treated as equals an alliance is made new tools introduced to Kongo -
Successor to John1
Manikongo who also liked portugese and wanted technical advisors sent to the Kongo to learn things -
Mbemba-a-Nzinga(Alfonso1)
Singificance:Kongolians are becoming dependent on portugese for new things and the portuges refused to give them boats so portuges have big advantage in trade - Portugal King who sent letters to Alfonso1 refers to alfonso as "royal brother"
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King Manuel
Significance: Kongo begins to trade just slaves and the need for them intensifies in 1530 so wars began just to get slaves and relations deteriorate - Neighboring people of the Kongo that invade the Kongo in 1568
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Jaga
Significance: Portugese gave men and guns to defeat the Jaga so now the Kongo is in debt to Portugese and they now have GUNS -
Manchus who took power from the Ming and created their own dynasty
tried to blend w/ the han culture - Qing dynasty (1644-1911)
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Changes that came to China w/ the Qing dynasty
Hairstyle w/ a ponytail - Queue
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wanted a system utopian society
he had ideas for peace
spread ideas from the past morally good age
popular sayings - Confucianism and Kong Fuzi (551 -479)BCE
- Sayings of Confucious
- Analects
- Believed humans were good and helped expand confucianism and formulate what kong fuzi was saying
- Mencius
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Believed humans were bad
Education is key - Xunzi
- Four classes to Chinese society
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Scholars/Intellects
Farmers
Toolmakers/Craftsmen
Merchants/Actors/Soldiers -
5 Relationships in Chinese society
Subodinated person on the right must obey person on the left
discourages questioning innovation and competition -
Ruler/Ruled subject
Parent/Child
Husband/Wife
Older sibling/Younger sibling
Older friend/Younger friend - Women in China depended on 3 men throughout their lives
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Father
Husband
Eldest Son - Books that form curriculum to create harmonious existence
- Confusion Classics
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Christians that chinese thought of as freaks
If they returned to Europe they became influenctial - Jesuits
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Decree that allowed European traders to live in part of China during 5mths of the year
No families No females
Foreigners sell low Chinese overpriced
Westerners under Chinese law - The Canton System of 1759
- Executed in 1821 by chinese for murdering a chinese citizen on accident
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Terranova
Significance: Westerners wanted to overturn Canton system and wanted extraterritoriality -
Under one's own law even if in a foreign land
no longer subjected to chinese law - Extraterritoriality 1843
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Sent to Beijing and brought hundreds of gifts
Emperor recorded his trip as a tribute
offended emporor -
Lord Macartney 1793
Significance: Chinese not wanting to trade they dont realize Britain's power so Britain trys to find something they will want to trade -
Key to unlocking China to the west
Hoped it would stop silver drian deficit
Highly addictive - Opium (trade)1830
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In charge of Canton
Stop Opium by Public Probaganda and by "grouping people"Tries to appeal to west
suspends trade and blockades canton
dumped british opium into the sea -
Lin Zexu
Significane: This triggers war 1839 -1842
British have superior ships and chinese leaders are addicted to opium
complete british vicotry
It inspires china to catch up w/ west -
Ends Opium War w/ British and Ends Canton System
Unequal treaty
Opens 5 more ports and gave Hongkong
Chinese pay $21million -
Treaty of Nanking
Signifcance: Trickle affect for other western countries to get better trade w/ China. Leads to other wars 1842-1895
5 wars China loses them all
China has crisis of confidence cnat deal w/the ouside world on their own terms
no longer the middle kingdom -
Started Taiping Rebellion
was an aspiring scholar but fails his esams and became depressed
came udner influence of christian missionaires and thoght he was brother of jesus
wanted to overthrow govt and social structure
wanted a christ -
Hong Xiugan
Signficance: Emporer's army is too weak to deal w/ problem so he hast to turn to the elites
2000 year old policy is overturned -
Elite who gbuilds more powerful of an army than the Qing really want
Defeats Taiping in terrible slaughter
Became very popular reformer for China -
Li Hongzheng
Significane: Helped w/ Self Strenthining movement which isnt successful. Much corruption w/ scholars nad public works projects
leads to famine and flooding - Result of anti-foreign feelings of anxiety backalsh to chinese christinans
- Boxer Rebellion 1898 - 1901
- Believed bullets couldnt penetrate their skin if they practied martial arts
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Boxers
Significance: westerners have to deal w/ them and then demand $330million for sending their troops Chinese have fallen
World begins to be divided up between the west china is divided into Spheres of Influence and Qing Dynasty ends in 1911 - Leader of Communists that come to power after 1911
- Mao Zedong
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The extension of one country's contorl over other territories
2 phases - Imperialism
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Develops along w/ industrial evolution
focuses on settlement - Colonialism 16-19th centuries
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Thinking less about settlements and more about economics
much europena rivalry - 19th century Age of High Imperialism
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Merchant capitalism reflects increasing importance of traders.
Governments wouold work w/ trading CO's and both would benefit - Mercantilism
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Result of High Imperialism
Need resources and markerts - Industrial Revolution
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German Social Theorist wrote the communist manifesto
said it was inevitable for capitilism to be replaced - Karl Marx
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Leader of October Revolution
Has some of Marx's Ideas
Launch communist revolution in Russia
Capitilim would weed out small firms and be led by bandks
In end rivalry between baks would lead to war - V.I. Lenin
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British journalist whor wrote "Imperialism" in 1902 he thought imperialism was a disease to be cured
Itch for glory is human not just economics
Gave Human Motive - J.A. Hobson
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Wrote Orientalism
The orient has never been treated fairly - Edward Said
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Survival of the fittest
some countries fit to rule others fit to be ruled - Social Darwinism
- To have to teach the world to be civilized
- White Man's Burden
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Started the carving up of Africa and set his eyes on the Congo region b/c its rich w/ minerals
Said he was trying to get rid of slave trade and learn about geology b/c he didnt want other stronger nations to jum in -
King LeopoldII
Significane:He got the scrambel gong and ruled Belgium from 1865-1909 - Sent by Leopold he's a journalist who makes treaties w/ African Leaders
- Henry Stanley
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Established guidelines to prevent war and is attended by leaders of Europe
No africans ever presetn
Established rules for expansion -
Berlin Conference
Signficance: You now had to
Demonstrate Occupation
Set-up administration
Prove you were Authority - NorthEast Africa whose people had just come free of egyptian rule but british took over anyways and killed 60,000
- Sudan
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Indigenous african empire from Northern nigeria
Islamic - Songhai Empire
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North Islamic empire blossoming of Islamic cultures
Had great deal of instability in 1740's and 50's - Dynasty of Borno
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Most slaves came from these tribes
Okonkwo is from this tribe - Ibo and Yoruba
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Very large Muslim Empire established by the "Holy War" from 1804-1808
Islamic Northern Nigeria - Sokoto Caliphate
- Southern Nigeria was designated this in 1894 it established Indirect Rule
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Niger Coast Protectorate
Significance: Made drastic changes - High commisioner of Protectorate who made drastic changes he was an army officer who served in East africa to stop trade from Kenya and was very successful
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Frederick Lugard
He pushed control of coast further into Nigeria
conquer country and get all native rulers to recognize britain as protectorate - Islamic Law
- Sharia
- Established policy of Indirect rule from 1906-1912 is in hongkong then goes back to africa and sets Unification of North and South as his goal
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Frederick Lugad
Significance: Achieves Unification in 1914 and forms the nigerian council -
Made up of six traditional leaders
Mirrors elder system
Were to advise Lugard of their own opininos and realy them to British government in annual meetings - Nigerian Council of 1916
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Lugard's successor w/ different policies
Wanted to introduce advantages of western experience
Representative government
Economic Development -
Hugh Clifford 1918-1925
Significance: Didnt trust Nigerian Council and didnt like Muslim system
wanted to split up N&S again(didnt)
came up w/ constitution in 1922
gave South a new administration council - Nigeria gets their independence after participating in WWII
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South -1957 North-1959
As a whole -1960 -
Set in the 1850's and 60's
In southern Nigeria (Missionaries)
Ethnic Identity/Diversity in Nigeria left them unable to ever revolt against British b/c there was no Unification - Things Fall Apart by Chinua Acheba