AN-cpf
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- Lavender top
- CBC (most species
- Red top Rube
- Phenobarbitil, Digoxin or Bromide tests
- Green top
- CBC for bird & reptile
- Light blue top
- coagulation tests
- Serum Separator
- routine serum chems
-
Atropine is used as a pre-anesthetic o help control or prevent seizure activity
T?F - False it is diazepam that is used to prevent seizures
- Deine Pain
- unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associaed w/ actual or potentia tissue damage
- Define anlgesia
- absence of pain in presence of stimuli that would normally be painful;
- Define anesthesia
- absense of all sensory modaalities; the inabiliy to precece painful stimuli
- Define hyperesthesia
-
Increase sensitivity to stimulation -
ex. Pain during inflammation - Define multimodal or balanced analgesia
- Use of 2 or more analgesic agents that differ in their mechanism of action to achieve a more effective analgesia
- Define nociception
- The reception, conduction & CNS procession of nerve signals generated by stimulation of nociceptore
- Define nociceptor
- naked afferent nerve endings preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus or a stimulus that would be npxious if prolongued
- Define pre-emptive analgesia
-
est. of analgesia before the onset of painful stimuli
Prevents wind-up - `Define referred pain
-
pain felt in a body part other thatn that in which it originates
EX. pain in arm during a heart attack - Define somatic pain
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From the skin - SQ, muscles, bone & joints
Trans by A, delta & C fibers
Easily localized - stabbing, throbbing or aching - Define visceral pain
-
From internal organs.
Trans by C fibers
More diff. to localize - cramping, burning, ganwinf
EX? intestinal discomfort - Define wind-up
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buildup of chemical mediators during sx that animal becomes aware of pro-op.
Need more analgesic - 4 aspects of physiology of pain
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1. Transduction -Nociceptors detect noxious stimuli (ex. Heat) & convert stimulli to nerve impulses
2. Transmission - A delta & C fibers conduct the impulse thru teh PNS into the spinal cord
3. Modulation - amplification or inhibition of stimuli within the dorsal horns cells of the spinal cord
4. Perception - in the cerebral cortex - Classifications of pain
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1. Intense - mild, moderate, severe
2. duration - acute, chronic - How do we know if a pet is happy
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Dog- et, shake, yawn
Cat - eat, stretch, sleep curled up & yawn - Methods of pain control
-
1. endorphins
2. nonpharmacological - esp nusing care
3. pahrmacological - Types of opiods used in analgesia
-
1. morphine
2. meperedine (demerol
3. oxymorphone
4. hydromorphone
5. fentanyl - Types of Opioid agonist/ antagonists
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1. Butorphanol (torbutrol)
2. Buprenorphine (Buprenes - Drugs that inhibit transduction
-
1. NSAID
2. Opioids
3.local anesthetics - Drugs that inhibit transmission
-
1. Locals inhibit Na channels
2. Alpha 2 agonists - Drugs that inhibit perception
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1. Anesthetic
2. opioid
3. alpha 2 agonists
4. bensodiazepams - Drugs that inhibit modulation - central sensation
-
1. local anesthetic
2. opioid or alpha 2
3.tricyclic anti- spleptic
4. cholinersteraseinhibitios
5.NMDA antagonists - What level do NSAIDs work
- tissue level preventing the production of prostaglandins that mediate inflamation & pain
- What level does lidocaine work
- block transmission of pain impulses by sensory nerves
- What level do opioids work
- multi sites in brain & spinal cord to diminish PERCEPTION of pain
-
Which of the ff anesthetic agents provid some analgesia in post-op
a. Iso
b. Propofol
c. thiopental
d. ketamine - D. ketamine
-
Visceral pain arises from damage to:
a. muscle
b. skin
c. nerves
d. internal organs - d. internal orgains
- Pain receptors are called
- nociceptors
-
If you wait until an animal shows signs of pain b/f tx w; analgesic, a higher dose will be reguired
T/F - T
- Animals do not show pain like humans b/c
- Prey - so hide it
-
Dose of injectible morphine for a dog is higher than a cat
T/F - T
- Compared w/ morphine, meperidine has a _____ duration of effect
- shorter
-
Which of the following is an agonist/antagonist opioid
q. oxymorphone
b. meperidine
c. butorphanol
d. fentanyl - C. butorphanol
- onset of a fentynal patch is
- delayed onset in both c&d
- NSAID that is safe for cats w/moderate ortho pain post-op
- ketoprofen
-
T/F
NSAIDS may interfere w/ action of drugs to tx cardiac dzq - T
- Reversing agent for morphine?
- Butorphanol
- Ketamine is useful in txx what part of the body
- skin
- Potential side effects of opioids
-
1. GI stimulation
2. bradycardia
3. pantin
4. increassed sensitivity to noise
5.increased intracranial pressure
6.hypothermis
7. mis=osis in dog
8.mydriasis incat - Which opioid does NOT cause excitement in a cat
- hydromorphone
- Drug interactions with fentanyl
- DO NOT MIX w/agonist/antagonist like butorphanol
- What is a GREAY DRUG in the angonist/antagonist family
- Buprenorphin (Buprenex)
- Which opioids angonist/antagonist last a long time
- Buprenex - long duration but delayed onset
- How do NSAID work
- block production of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)
- How are NSAID eliminated
- by metabolism in conjunction w/ liver, ff by renal
- NSAID side effects
-
GI ulcer
renal toxicity
imparied platelet aggreggaton
lier damage - NSAID agents
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aspirin
rimadyl
seramaxx
etogesic
metacaom
zubrin
molixicam - Combo w/ NSAID
-
opioids
ex. codeine 3 - Contraindicated if pre--existing tachycardia
- atropine
- What has a longest lasting analgesic effect
- bprenex of buprenorphine
- Advantage & disadvantage of propofol
-
1. smooth induction & recovery
2. short acting -
Propofol provides good analgesia
T/F - false