Chem 209 Flashcards
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- Definition: A cleaning molecule made by reacting fat with lye.
- Soap
- Fat + NaOH -> soap + ?
- Glycerol
- The hydrocarbon "tail" of a soap molecule is usually polar or nonpolar?
- Nonpolar
- If R < C12, what kind of soap?
- Gas soap
- The hydrocarbon "head" of a soap molecule is usually polar or nonpolar?
- Polar
- If R is C12 or C13, what kind of soap?
- Liquid
- If R is C16 or C17, what kind of soap?
- Solids
- If R is > C17, what kind of soap?
- Not soluble in water
- Some individuals are unable to metabolize phenylalanine. This condition is known as?
- PKU or phenylketonuria
- Definition: Used to resist a change of pH in food.
- Buffers
- In reference to a Bag of Fertilizer, what element does each number represent: 1-2-3?
- 1-Nitrogen, 2-Phosphorus, 3-Potassium
- In reference to a Bag of Fertilizer, any combination of numbers can be used, as long as?
- As long as the sum of the numbers is less than 100
- A lack of Vitamin C causes what disease?
- Scurvy
- What did sailors eat to prevent scurvy?
- Limes
- Definition: Artificial product produced by man.
- Additive
- Animal fats and vegetable oil are converted to soaps by reaction with?
- Sodium Hydroxide
- The polar "head" hydrogen bonds to 1-? while the nonpolar "tail" dissolves in 2-?
- 1-Water, 2-Dirt/Grease/Grime
- Definition: Indirect dissolving of 2 incompatible substances.
- Emulsion
- In cleaning, soap acts as an ? between "dirt" and water.
- Emulsifier
- In hard water, soaps are converted to?
- Insoluble salts
- Soap will combine with acid to make what?
- Fatty acid or grease
- 3 typical ions responsible for hard water
- Ca +2, Mg +2, Fe +3
- Bathtub ring is caused by precipitation of soap by ? ? ions.
- Hard metal
- What are the trace amounts of INORGANIC substances needed by the body?
- Minerals
- 3 energy sources for plants
- Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight
- Define: broad spectrum
- Covers many different varieties.
- What 4 vitamins are fat soluble? What 2 are water soluble?
- 1-A,D,E,K ; 2-B,C
- Each ? species lacks at least one essential amino acid.
- Plant
- What does low Iodine cause?
- Goiter (thyroid gland)
- What does low Iron cause?
- Anemia (oxygen in blood)
- 3 functions that Vitamin E has served
- 1-Underarm deoderant, 2-Healing for burn victims, 3-Increase sexual potency and virility (sperm count)
- ? contains ALL the essential amino acids to support life as does ?, ?, and ?
- Meat, Milk Eggs & Cheese
- What is naturally found in Swiss cheese but functions as a preservative when added to bread?
- Calcium proprionate
- ? for the ? flower is nontoxic to birds and animals and rapidly breaks down in the environment.
- Pyrethrins, Pyrethrum
- Insects destroy what percentage of everything grown or stored?
- 1/3
- What did Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring" suggest?
- DDT was having a disastrous effect on our environment.
- This compound prevents botulism.
- Sodium nitrite
- How is "Agent Orange" made? How was it used?
- 1-Made by mixing 24D & 245T together. 2-Used in Vietnam to defoliate the jungle from hidden enemies.
- What pesticide residue is found in apples? In salmon?
- 1-Alar, 2-DDT
- What are 3 purposes of fat?
- Storage, energy, insulation
- Most famous carbamate? What's it responsible for? What gas was leaked?
- 1-Sevin, 2-World's worst chemical accident in Bhopal India, 3-Methyl isocyanate gas
- 5 Mandatory & Voluntary components of nutrition info & the order in which they must appear...
- 1-Total calories, 2-Calories from fat, 3-Calories from saturated fat, 4-Total fat, 5-Saturated fat
- What is the purpose of a sequestrant?
- Used to tie up metal ions in food.
- Definition: Nonselective herbicide that takes 5-10 days for its effect to be observed. No residual residue left behind.
- Round Up
- What is a positive characteristic of DDT? Negative?
- Pos-When used on crops, it had a long lasting effect ; Neg-Many insects were able to detoxify and became harder to kill
- Order of Energy Sources the body uses
- 1-Carbs, 2-Fats, 3-Proteins
- ? occurs naturally and is mined commercially in South America.
- NaNO3 or salt peter
- Ammonium nitrate is also used as a(n) ?
- Explosive
- Definition: Brief scalding before freezing to prevent nutrient breakdown
- Blanching
- What pest was sterilization used on?
- Screw worm fly, cattle pest
- What disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin A?
- Night blindness
- What is an ingredient?
- Natural product produced by plants or animals.
- Definition: For broad leaf weeds, the common substance used on lawns & agricultural crops.
- 24D
- What sweetener was extensively used until it was banned in 1969?
- Calcium cyclamate
- Most famous & notorious of the chlorinated HC's pesticides
- DDT
- When did home canning become important?
- In 1858 when John Mason invented the mason jar
- Rotenone is derived from what tropical plant?
- Derris
- Definition: Chemicals used to keep oils in suspension in a water solution
- Emulsifiers
- Definition: Added to food to prevent fats and oils from reacting with oxygen which results in a rancid odor
- Anti-oxidant additives
- NH3 that can be compressed and stored in liquid form is called what?
- Anhydrous ammonia
- What is a poison antidote also used in soda pop?
- EDTA
- DDT is an excellent insecticide to destroy mosquitoes that cause ? or body lice that cause ?
- 1-Malaria, 2-Typhus
- What sweetener was found to cause bladder cancer in 1977 but has remained on the market?
- Saccharin
- What are the 3 macronutrients besides C, H, O?
- Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
- What are phermones?
- Insect sex attractants
- Cultures with a high fiber diet seem to have fewer cases of what disease?
- Colon cancer
- Along with carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in our diet, we need trace amounts of what ORGANIC substances?
- Vitamins
- What does the body use for growth/repair of cells and as a last resort, a source of energy?
- Proteins
- 3 characteristics of "potash" (Hint: Originally named, obtained by, found in?)
- 1-Originally designated potassium carbonate, 2-Obtained by leaching wood ashes, 3-Found in fertilizer formulas
- Definition: Herbicide used to kill grass-like weeds that's used on corn and takes 1-2 years to disintegrate
- Atrazine
- What 2 spoilage inhibitors, when fed to rats, gave them a longer life?
- BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) & BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
- What is 245T?
- A relative of 24D and is more effective on woody types of plants
- Define: fresh (in reference to food)
- Raw or unprocessed food
- Definition: Natural organic compounds that come from plant sources and can be considered to be "natural" insecticides.
- Pesticides
- Some of the most potent carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals)
- Aflatoxins
- Definition: DDT is fat soluble, therefore it could be concentrated in the food chain by higher forms of life
- Biomagnification
- Nitrates (NO3 -1) are another form of ? ?
- Plant fertilizers
- Definition: Nitrogen fixing bacteria attached to the roots of some plants. Enables gaseous N2 to be converted into a water soluble form.
- Legumes
- Name this spoilage inhibitor: A disinfectant, preservative, bleach used in dried fruits, wine, and corn syrup.
- Sulfur dioxide
- Definition: Additives used to keep a substance dry
- Dessicants
- These insecticides seem to be MORE toxic but LESS persistent in the environment.
- Organic Phosphate Insecticides
- What disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin B?
- Beri-Beri (inflammation of nerves)
- 1-Naturally occuring INORGANIC chemicals ; 2-Compounds of arsenic, lead, mercury, zinc, copper ; 3-Typically toxic to ALL forms of life
- 3 Characteristics of pre-1939 Chemical Control
- This drug was used extensively in the Civil War for pain but is highly addictive.
- Morphine
- Definition: Dependence of the body tissues on the continued presence of a drug; revealed by disturbing or life threatening withdrawal symptoms.
- Physical dependence
- Definition: These drugs are called minor tranquilizers; they possess the properties of barbiturates without impairing mental alertness.
- Anti-Anxiety drugs
- Name 2 notable benzodiazepine prescription drugs
- Diazepam & Valium
- 3 Components of Addiction
- 1-Psychological influence, 2-Physical dependence, 3-Tolerance
- Can Chemistry develop a drug similar to morphine without its addictive properties?
- Meperidine (Demerol)
- Definition: Body or tissue resistance such that larger doses are required to obtain the same effect.
- Tolerance
- An antipyretic is a ? ?
- Fever reducer
- Definition: A class of drugs that functions as "pain killers".
- Analgesics
- Small daily doses of aspirin lowers the risk of ?
- Stroke
- Prolonged use of aspirin may lead to ? ?
- Gastrointestinal problems
- What are the substances called that are added to surfectants to increase their detergency?
- Builders
- Definition: Synthetic detergents which function like soap.
- Surfactants
- Definition: These types of cleaning molecules are neutral, low foaming and used in products that require little rinsing.
- Nonionic
- Definition: These types of cleaning molecules have a positive charge and often have antimicrobial properties.
- Cationic
- Definition: These types of cleaning molecules have a negative charge and are good removers of dirt, dust, etc.
- Anionic
- Soap forms "scum" in what kind of water?
- Hard
- Persons who are sensitive to the acidity of aspirin or who are allergic to aspirin will probably have similar problems with?
- Ibuprofen
- What is a side effect of antihistamines?
- Drowsiness
- What were the 1st antibacterial drugs?
- Sulfa drugs
- Definition: Class of additives that "hold" water in food, prevents it from drying out.
- Humectants
- What does MSG stand for? It occurs naturally in?
- 1-Monosodium Glutamate, 2-Proteins
- 3 Natural Sources of Phosphates
- 1-Bones, 2-Fish, 3-Guano (bird droppings)
- Which compound was originally proposed as a "cure" for morphine addiction?
- Heroin
- Female birth control drugs attempt to mimic the structure and properties of?
- Progesterone
- Definition: Additive used in chewing gum; also has sweet taste.
- Sorbitol
- Hormones are produced by which system in the body?
- Endocrine
- How many amino acids in proteins can the body make? How many does it need?
- 12, 20
- What 2 colors have been banned after many years of use?
- Violet #1, Red #2
- What is the formal name for the yellow color in carrots?
- Beta-carotene
- What is Paraquat?
- Preemergent herbicide used to kill marijuana.
- What is the scientific name for Vitamin B1? Vitamin B2?
- B1-Thiamine, B2-Riboflavin
- What are 3 meat preservation techniques?
- Smoking, Salting, Drying
- Proteins produce ? kcal/gram.
- 4
- What is a negative characteristic of ABS?
- It was not broken down in the environment and caused pollution.
- How are floating soaps made?
- They're blown with air during processing.
- Detergents and abrasives are the major active ingredients in?
- Toothpastes
- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is what type of infection?
- Viral
- What does mixing bleach with acid produce?
- Toxic chlorine gas
- What is the active ingredient in chlorine laundry bleaches?
- Sodium hypochlorite
- Definition: Molecules that are polymers of amino acids containing C, H, O, N.
- Proteins
- How did DDT affect birds? More specifically, eagles?
- 1-Birds laid thin shelled eggs. Eggs couldn't support weight of parents and were "scrambled." 2-Eagles came close to extinction.
- What is BT and what is it used on?
- BT= Bacillus Thuringiensis, Used on lawns/gardens
- Salt increases ? but it masks ? and ?
- 1-Sweetness, 2-Bitterness & Sourness
- Slow vs "quick green" refers to the ? of the product.
- Solubility
- What forms a strongly caustic solution when mixed with water?
- Automatic detergent
- Brighteners convert ? light into ? light.
- 1-Ultraviolet (UV), 2-Visible
- Water softener uses an exchange resin to substitute ? for Ca+2 & Mg+2 ions.
- Na+
- Name 2 chemicals used to "soften" water.
- Washing soda & Trisodium Phosphate
- The 1st synthetic cleaners had what type of structure?
- Alkene Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)
- Aspirin was isolated in 1860 from what?
- Willow bark
- Acetyloxy (Benzoic) Acid is generally known as what?
- Aspirin
- The fact that acetominophen is prescribed more frequently in hospitals than aspirin is probably because the acetominophen is NOT what?
- Anticoagulant
- Name 2 drugs responsible for up and down mood swing effects
- Adrenaline/epinephrine & Serotonin
- Definition: Craving for the repeated use of a drug because its effects are enjoyable.
- Psychological dependence
- What chemical has been banned from laundry products because of its fertilizer property resulting in water pollution?
- Phosphates
- Anti-inflammatory is used to reduce what?
- Swelling
- Aspirin tablets must contain how many mg's of aspirin?
- 325
- Definition: Chemicals that send pain messages to the brain.
- Prostaglandins
- Kids + chickenpox + aspirin = ?
- Reye syndrome
- Definition: The study of the actions and disposition of drugs in the human body.
- Pharmacology
- Drug used by the Greeks in 300 BC
- Opium
- Drug long used by Indians of the Andes Mts in South America
- Cocaine
- What are the 3 ways to name a drug?
- 1-Chemical name, 2-Generic name, 3-Brandname/Trademark
- Definition: Chemical used for treatment or prevention of disease.
- Drug
- A patent gives a company the legal right to make and sell a product for how many years?
- 17
- What does a tablet contain to allow it to be compressed?
- Binders
- What is the chemical name for Aleve?
- Naproxen
- What is the purpose of an expectorant?
- To bring up mucus from the bronchial passages.
- Definition: Substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
- Antibiotics
- Name 2 nondrowsy prescription antihistamines
- Seldane (terfenadine) & Hismanal (astimizole)
- What is the "miracle drug" that has been extremely effective in destroying many forms of bacteria that are deadly killers?
- Penicillin
- What type of gas used in WWI seems effective on some types of skin cancers?
- Mustard gas
- What chemicals are effective on some types of reproductive cancers?
- Sex hormones
- What type of radiation destroys ALL cells it strikes?
- Gamma
- Definition: Functions in the body as chemical messengers.
- Hormones
- What body gland produces thyroxine (cell metabolism)?
- Thyroid
- What body gland produces insulin (regulates sugar)?
- Pancreas
- What body gland produces estradiol (female sex characteristics)?
- Ovary
- What body gland produces testosterone?
- Testes
- What body gland produces cortisone (muscle lubricant)?
- Adrenal gland
- What chemical can lower blood pressure, induce labor, relieve nasal congestion, & relieve ashtma?
- Prostaglandin
- What acid are prostaglandins produced from?
- Arachidonic acid
- Definition: Muscle lubricant that reduces inflammation when injected or applied topically.
- Cortisone
- A look-a-like cortisone often prescribed for topical treatment of skin disorders like dermatitis or psoriasis.
- Prednisone
- What are side effects (5) of "The Pill"?
- Water retention, blood clots, heart attacks/strokes, gallbladder disease, liver tumors.
- What was the original purpose of DES?
- To maintain pregnancy in women having a history of miscarriages.
- What was the problem with DES found in the 1960's?
- Rare forms of vaginal cancer
- It has been used in cattle feed as a growth promoter.
- DES
- Causes the lining of the uterus to shed when taken with an injection of a prostaglandin.
- RU-486
- What tablet is used for abortions?
- RU-486
- What anasthetic was inhaled to leave a person conscious for their operation?
- C3H6, cyclopropane
- In 1860, the anesthetic property of ? was used.
- Cocaine
- What 2 substances are used today instead of novacaine?
- Lidocaine or mepivicaine
- This intravenous anesthetic induces hallucinations similar to those reported by people near death.
- Ketamine
- "Angel dust" as it is called on the street; also used as an animal tranquilizer
- Phencyclidine (PCP)
- This class of depressant are depressants made from barbituric acid.
- Barbiturates
- Used to calm anxiety and other psychic disorders before being replaced by modern tranquilizers.
- Barbiturates
- Alcohol + "Barb" = ?
- 200x
- 3 typical barbiturate substances
- Phenobarbital, thiopental, pentobarbital
- This drug contains alkaloids and its main component is about 10% morphine.
- Opium
- What are triglycerides?
- Esters of glycerol & fatty acids.
- 2 Common Disaccharides
- Sucrose & Lactose
-
Name the fatty acid:
CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH - Butyric acid (butter)
- Definition: Compounds that are hydrates of carbon with the general formula CH2O. Includes sugars, starches, & cellulose.
- Carbohydrates
- Definition: Simple sugars with the formula C6 H12 O6.
- Monosaccharides
- Health wise, the ? unsaturation, the better for our bodies.
- More
- It is recommended that no more than what percentage of our body's energy source comes from fats?
- 30%
- If a polysaccharide is made with ALPHA linkages, then the resulting molecule is?
- Starch
- 2 Simple Carbohydrates
- Sucroses & Glucoses
- Definition: Method to determine the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in the molecule.
- Iodine Numbers
-
Name the fatty acid:
CH3(CH2)7 CH = CH(CH2)7 COOH - Oleic acid (olive oil)
- If a polysaccharide is made with BETA linkages, the resulting molecule is?
- Cellulose (fiber)
- Definition: A mixture of chemicals that our body is able to extract energy from.
- Food
- It is recommended that what percentage of our body's energy source comes from carbohydrates?
- 65-80%
- 2 Complex Carbohydrates
- Starches & Cellulose (not digestible)
- Fats yield ? kcal/gram.
- 9
- How is energy measured?
- Calories
- Definition: Substances made from C, H, O but contain an ester functional group.
- Fats
- What is lactose intolerance?
- Inability to break down lactose into simpler sugars.
- Carbohydrates yield ? calories/gram.
- 4
- ? has a steroid structure and is synthesized (made) by our body.
- Cholesterol
-
Name the fatty acid:
CH3 (CH2)16 COOH - Steric acid (beef tallow)
-
Name the fatty acid:
CH3 (CH2)8 COOH - Capric acid (coconut oil)
- Disaccharide found in milk
- Lactose
-
Name the fatty acid:
CH3 (CH2)14 COOH - Palmitic acid (palm oil)
- Unsaturation means ? hydrogen, or ? carbon-carbon double bonds.
- 1-Less, 2-More
- Typically LOW iodine numbers are associated with ? ?, with the exception of vegetable, coconut, & palm oils.
- Animal fats (saturated fats)
-
HEALTH LINK:
1? TO CHOLESTEROL.
CHOLESTEROL TO 2?
TO HEART ATTACKS. - 1-SATURATED FATS, 2-ARTERIOSLEROSIS
- ? FATS HAVE MORE C=C DOUBLE BONDS.
- POLYUNSATURATE