biology review

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the two common fermentation pathways products: lactic acid and ethyl alcohol
gametes: sex cells
light: a form of electromagnetic energy or radiation
Calvin Cycle: calvin cycle takes place in stroma, regenerate RuBP ---how? count carbon atoms, RuBP - 5 carbons, cycle needs to go 6 times, so 6CO2 needed to keep reaction going, need enough carbons
thylakoid: one stack
abiotic: non-living parts of an organism's environment
thymine: T
centriole: organelle that helps with cell division
Glycolysis: 1st step in cellular respiration
Four Nitrogen Bases in RNA: Guanine and Cytosine, Adenine and Uracil
nitrogen cycle: the circulation of nitrogen in nature, bacteria is needed to convert nitrogen for most organisms to use
nitrogen fixation: the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds by natural agencies or various indistrial processes.
heirarchy of life: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
step three glycolysis: G3P molecules lose electrons and receive another phosphate group, two molecules of NAD+ converted into NADH
Atomic Mass: This is equal to the number of protons and neutrons
type of reaction that occurs in muscles during exercise: lactic acid fermentation
Double Covalent Bond: A link between atoms that share two pair of electron- two electrons from each element are shared.
mitochondria: organelle that provides the cell with energy; powerhouse of the cell; breaks down glucose and carbs into usable energy for the organism
carbohydrate: major source of energy for humans; macromolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; sugar is an example
organism: a living thing
biotic: all living organisms of an organism's environment.
xylhem: carries water
mutualism: symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
Thylakoid: discs inside chloroplast
what is the energy released by the organic compound mostly used to do: produce ATP
Chemical Bonds: Attraction, sharing or transfer of outer shell electrons from one atom to another.
golgi apparatus: organelle that modifies, packages, and ships proteins
products in photosynthesis: glucose, oxygen
Tissue: Group of similar cells that perform a particular function
structure of chloroplasts: 3 membranes, grana, thylakoid, stroma, chlorophyll
Peptide Bond: The bond between the amino acids; the P room puts together by dehydration synthesis
heterotrophs: energy comes from the food they eat
Prokaryote: Cells that does not contain nuclei
Polar Covalent Bonds: Uneven sharing of electrons.
adhesion: the attractive force between unlike substances
uracil: U (RNA)
Atom: The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
Stroma: The fluid of the chloroplast
what is used to make lactic acid: one hydrogen atom from NADH and one free hydrogen proton
Stoma: A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
Phagocytosis: Extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package in within a food vacuole
3rd phase of mitosis: anaphase
sex cells only have 2 chromosomes to the body cells 4 chromosomes: what makes the sex cells different from the body cells
producer: an organism that uses photosynthesis to obtain its energy.
gas particles: particles move around freely
consumer: an organism that eats producers or other consumers to obtain its energy.
Chromatin: Granular material you see on nucleus
protein: macromolecule needed by the body for growth and repair
solid particles: particles are tightly packed
Krebs cycle: eight step cycle, 2nd step in cellular respiration, 2 turns of cycle, 2 ATP
Wavelength: The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Acetyl CoA: formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
anaerobic: does not require the presence of oxygen
net yield of ATP in glycolysis: 2 ATP
step one glycolysis: two phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose, ATP converted to ADP
Alcohol fermentation: The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
cell: the basic unit of structure and function
nucleolus: small, dense region in the center of the nuclei
nucleus: composed of protons and neutrons
in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid reacts with ? to form ?, and releases a ?: CoA, acetyl CoA, CO2 molecule
DNA: Consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other.
vacuole: organelle that stores materials (water, salts, proteins)
the liver: where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid
decomposer: organisms that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms
Light reactions: parts of photosynthesis that need light
enzyme: biological catalyst
Chlorophyll: green pigment that aids in photosynthesis
cytoplasm: fluid portion of the cell
what happens in photosynthesis?: clusters of chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments, these pigments are excited by light and energy is funneled to a reaction center, electrons in the chlorophyll molecules are excited, boosted away from the molecule and passed from one carrier molecule to another in an electron transport chain, the electrons lost by the chlorophyll are replaced by some from the splitting of a water molecule, must replace electrons to stabilize molecule, get replacement electrons from the splitting of water (2H2O --> 4e- + 4H+ + O2 gas), electrons are picked up by the electron carrier NADP+ to from NADPH (hydrogen ion carrier, electron carrier), chemiosmosis
Chromosomes: Cell divides chromatin condenses to form
two stages of aerobic respiration: the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
Cell Wall: Strong supporting layers around the membrane
nucleotide: nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate
hydrogen: bonds bases together
formula for photosynthesis:: 6H2O + 6CO2+ Light Energy ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2
the Krebs cycle, function: breaks down acetyl CoA
Visible light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
polymer: a bunch of monomers connect to each other
Calvin cycle: parts of photosynthesis that don't need light
when pigments absorb light...: electrons are excited to a higher energy level
prokaryote: single celled oraganism, does not have a nucleus and does not have membrane bound organelles
chromosomes: this lines up in the center or the cell with sister chromatids.
liquid particles: particles flow and are not as tightly packed as solid particles
ribose: sugar in RNA
guanine: G
Isotonic: When the concentraion of water and sugar will be the same on both sides of the membrane
mitosis: neuclear division
Element: A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
1st phase of mitosis: prophase
final electron acceptor of ETC: oxygen
prey: organisms eaten by a predator
ATP: adenine, 5-carbon sugar, 3 phosphate groups which carry a negative charge and are easily separated. this releases energy.
Cellulose: A polysaccharide that prvides structural suppost for plants.
adenine: A
ATP: a single nucleotide with two extra energy storing phosphate groups.
ecosystem: interactions among the populations in a community and the community's physical surroundings
food chain: a simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.
trophic level: a feeding step representing the passage of energy and materials in a food chain, each level/step represents an organism in the food chain
subtrate: a substance on which and enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
ER: Eukaryotic cells also contain an internal membrane system
why is cell division important?: growth & development =stem cells and mutation & disease = dwarfism & cancer
Cellular respiration: opposite of photosynthesis
meiosis: the type of cell division that produces new combinations of chromosomes and genes. the daughter cell contain only half the number chromosomes found in the original cell
Disaccharides: Are double sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined.
pigments: substances that absorb and reflect light
cytokinesis: mitosis is now complete, but two nuclei still lie in the same cytoplasm.
Active transport: 1. Requires energy 2. Goes up the concentraion gradient
chromosomes: what we call the sister chromatids once they are separated.
series of reactions: 1. light absorption, 2. light dependent reactions in thylakoid, 3. light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) in stroma
polar covalent bond: bonds formed between water molecules with unequally shared electrons
Cell Membrane: Thin, flexible barrier (two-layers of lipids)
Triple Covalent Bond: A link between atoms that share three pair of electrons- three electrons from each element are shared.
Carbohydrates: Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1.
Messenger RNA (mRNA): Chemical instructions for protein
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
community: a collection of interacting populations
elements: the basic building blocks of matter
chemical formula: shows the kind and proportions of each type of atom
how NAD+ becomes NADH: electrons released through glycolysis attach to NAD+
Atomic Weight: This is equal to the number of protons and neutrons, but it is not always a whole number
the products of cellular respiration (3): CO2, water, and ATP
monosaccharide: single sugar molecule
mitosis: the process of replicating a cell. two new cells are produced with the exact same number of chrosomes as the original cell
two stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis and aerobic respiration
Fats: Lipids that store energy.
Polysaccharides: Such as starch, are chains of three or more monysaccharides.
Single Covalent Bond: A link between atoms that share one pair of electrons- one electron from each element are shared.
Molecule: The smallest unit of a substance
cytokinesis: division of the cytoplast
glycolysis: a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
what fermentation regenerates: NAD+
where pyruvic acid goes when oxygen is available: aerobic respiration
lactic acid fermentation: pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
solution: a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed
what is the major energy transfer molecule?: ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Lipids: Nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water. They include fats, phospholipds, steroids, and waxes.
somatic cell: body cell
Covalent Bond: A link between two atoms that share a pair or more than one pairs of electrons.
Mitochondria: Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compunds that are more convenient for the cell to use
ribosome: organelle that makes proteins
Activation Energy: Start up energy required to get the chemical reaction to occur.
photosynthesis: the chemical process which changes chemicals, nutrients & sunlight into food (green plants)
facilitated diffusion: process that moves materials from high to low concentration with the help of protein channels; does not require energy
Major Types of RNA: Ribosomal, Transfer, Messenger
Nucleic Acid: A long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides.
synthesis: DNA is replicated in preparation for cell division
Catalysts: Substances that reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
where the reactions of glycolysis take place: cytosol
buffer: a chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ ions to solutions
Ions: Atoms or groups of atoms that have become electrically charged when the individual atom or groups of atoms has lost or gained one or more electrons.
osmosis: diffusion of water; moves from high to low concentration; does not require energy
chromation: when the cell is not in the process of replicating the DNA and protein complexes are spread throughout the nucleus
Chloroplast: Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
metaphase plate: the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell with sister chromatids
cuticle: helps protect against water loss
characteristics of living things: cellular, reproduction, organized, growth, respond to stimuli, evolve/adapt,use energy, inheritance
Saturated Fatty Acid: A fatty acid were bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms, that can store a lot of energy. They are also Relatively straight molecules such as animal fats,butter, lard and grease that are solid at room temprature.
interphase: the time period between neuclear division
active transport: process that moves materials from low concentration to high concentration; requires energy
what does light intensity do?: increases rate of photosynthesis until light reactions are saturated, then the rates levels off
species: a group of organisms associated according to attributes or properties determined by scientific observations
photosynthesis: the process in which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy
Ionic Bonds: This is force of attraction between atoms based on opposite charges.
mitotic spindle: each of the resulting chromosomes is pulled towards this oppositve side of the cell.
chromosome: threadlike structure where genes are located
Organ: Many groups of tissues that work together
predator: an organism that hunts for food (another organism)
what pyruvic acid undergoes with no oxygen present: fermentation
fermentation: the breakdown of pyruvic acid by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
chemical energy is stored where?: in energy bonds between carbon and hydrogen
Chemical Reaction: A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed.
Nuclear envelope: Composed of two membranes
ecology: a branch of biology developed from natural history; scientific study of interaction among organisms and their environments.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid: carbon atoms are linked by a "double" covalent bond each with only one hydrogen atom such as olive oil, fish and vegetable oils. liquid at room temprature.
cytoskeleton: organelle that helps the cell keep its shape; made of microtubules and microfilaments
chemiosmosis: the hydrogen ions from water build up inside the thylakoid space creating a concentration gradient and a charge gradient (potential energy), these hydrogen ions move out of the thylakoid through an enzyme pore (ATP synthase) and the energy generated adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP: at the end of the light reactions, the cell has stored energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, released oxygen gas
heterotroph: organism that cannot make its own food and must feed on other organisms
Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
mitosis: the process that a plant or animal cell goes through to duplicate itself
Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins which can be electrically charged.
three physical states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases
how many carbons in lactic acid: 3
reaction:: CO2 +H2O and sunlight --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
chromosomes: unravel into masses of tangled chromatin
Cell specialization: Cells that develope in different ways to perform different tasks
gametogenesis: process by which gametes develope
how various fermentation pathways differ (2): enzymes and products
autosomal chromosome: non sex chromosomes
chemical reactions & ATP: involved in cell membrane transport and protein synthesis, only a small amt of ATP ina cell at one time, not useful for long-term storage, energy storage in sugars and starches
cell wall: organelle that supports and protects the cell; only found in plant cells
Nitrogenous bases: adnine,guanine,cytosine,thymine
food web: expresses all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community; more realistic than a food chain as most organisms depend on more than one species for food
Activation energy: The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called...
Energy: The ability to move or change matter.
lysosome: organelle that digests bacteria and old parts of the cell
Enzymes: Substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions.
Organelle: Little organs
daughter cells: The two cell that will eventually pinch off into two of this.
cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
helicase: unzips DNA
sister chromatids: DNA and proteins condense into observable chromosomes. One half is the original chromosome, the other half in the copy that was made during Synthesis.
omnivore: heterotroph that eats both plant & animal material.
organ where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid: liver
type of reaction in cellular respiration: redox
herbivore: heterotrophs that feed only on plants
energy: the ability to do work or cause change
Endocytosis: Taking material into the cell by means of infolding of the cell membrane
Element: A substance that can not be broken down into other substances except by extraordinary means (radioactive decay).
nuclear envelope: This breaks apart and disappears. The nucleoulus also disappears at this point.
leaf structure: cuticle, vascular tissue, epidermis, mesophyll cells, guard cells, stomata
Golgi apparatus: Proteins are produced in rough ER and is moved into a stack of membrane called
Diffusion: When particles move from an area that is more concentrated to less concentrated
Lactic acid fermentation: The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
Pinocytosis: Tiny pockets form along the cell memebrane and pich off to form vacuoles within the cell
autotroph: organisms that use energy from the sun to manufacture their own nutrients.
ATP --> ADP: adding a phosphate group to ADP stores a small amt of energy. removal of a phosphate group releases a small amt of energy.
smooth er: organelle involved with lipid synthesis and drug detoxification
types of energy: chemical, potential, mechanical, kinetic, electric
alcoholic fermentation: pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol
2: the number of identical parts that chromosomes divide into
catalyst: something that speeds up the rate of a reaction
amino acid: monomer of a protein
step four glycolysis: all phosphate groups are removed from the molecule to make two molecules of pyruvic acid, the four released phosphates convert four ADP to four ATP
fertilization: union/joining of the egg and sperm
saturated solution: a solution in which no more solute will dissolve in the solvent
molecule: a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces; smallest part of a compound
RNA: Consists of a single strand of nucleotides
efficiency of cellular respiration=: energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose
Cell: Basic unit of life
zygote: fertile egg
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Used to make ribosomes
Atomic Number: This is equal to the number of protons.
carbon cycle: the continuous process by which carbon is exchanged between organisms & the environment
Fatty Acid: A long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them.
Phospholipids: Make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
phloelm: carries nutrient material
Ion: An atom, radical or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge.
hydrogen bond: a bond formed when the hydrogen portion of one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen portion of another water molecule
how photosynthesis and cellular respiration depend on each other: the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration
Heterotroph: organism that gets its food from other organisms
chloroplast: organelle that helps plants convert sunlight into glucose
Acids: Compounds that form hydrgen ions when dissolved in water are called...
process of alcoholic fermentation (2 steps): CO2 is removed from pyruvic acid, two hydrogen atoms added
Facilitated diffusion: 1. Doesn't require energy 2. Goes down the concentraion gradient
where the Krebs cycle takes place (prokaryotic): the cytosol
2nd phase of mitosis: metaphase
acidic: hydrogen ions (H+) are in greater concentration than the hydroxide ions (OH-)
Reactants: The starting materials for chemical reactions.
cell theory: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from preexisting cells
eukaryote: multicellular organism, has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
equilibrium: when an ecosystem's population is balanced. there are no drastic changes in the population
Enzyme catalase: Assists in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Protein: linked amino acids.
telephase: two new nuclei are organized at each end of the cell
organelle: specialized structure that performs certain functions in a cell
Non-Polar Covalent Bonds: Even sharing of electrons.
nucleic acid: macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous; DNA and RNA are examples
population: group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same area.
Macromolecule: A large molecule made of many smalles molecules.
aerobic respiration produces ?x as much ATP as glycolysis: 20
chromosomes: when the cell prepares to divide,this chromatin condenses into X-shaped structures
lipid bilayer: double layered structure of the cell membrane
Hypertonic: More concentrated solution
carnivore: heterotroph that feeds only on other animals.
what is regenerated in alcoholic fermentation: NAD+
Transfer RNA (tRNA): Carries amino acids to ribosomes
Adhesion: An attraction between different substances.
chromatin: storage form of DNA in non-dividing cell
aerobic respiration: pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make lots of ATP
4th(last) phase of mitosis: telophase
stroma: fluid in chloroplast (like cytoplasm)
homologous chromosomes: teh human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
efficiency of glycolysis=: energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose
where pyruvic acid goes if there's no oxygen: fermentation
products of the Krebs cycle (3): CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP
what fermentation does not produce: ATP
where the Krebs cycle takes place (eukaryotes): the mitochondria
mitosis: nucleus and cytoplasm divide to form new cells
Isotopes: Two or more forms of an element differing in terms by the numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of their atoms.
atomic mass: = # of protons + # of neutrons
Vacuoles: Kinds of cells contain saclike structures and stores materials
as glucose is oxidized NAD+ is...: converted into NADH
Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Exocytosis: The removal of large amounts of material from a cell
grana: stacks of sacs
lipid: macromolecule made from carbon and hydrogen; fats and oils are examples
basic: hydrogen ions (H+) are in lower concentration than the hydroxide ions (OH-)
Equilibrium: When the concenrtration of the solute is the same throughout a system
thermal energy: converts matter from one state to another
what happens to NADH in lactic acid fermentation: it is oxidized and converted to NAD+
commensalism: symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefitted.
Bases: Compoundes that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution are called...
cellular respiration: the process of burning glucose to generate energy. all cells undergo this
Electron: Negatively charged; found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus; each with an atomic weight value of 0.
ADP: adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphate groups)
Solution: A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance.
microfilaments: In animal cells, a ring of this forms around the center of the cell and begin to squeeze.
Nucleolus: Where the assembly of ribosomes begins
Lipid bilayer: Composition of nearly all cell membrane is a double-layered sheet
pH: power of hydrogen
Concentraion: Mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
Proton: Positively charged particle; found in the nucleus; each with an atomic weight value of 1.
Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape, also involved in movements
step two glycolysis: 6-carbon molecule split into two 3-carbon molecules of G3P
Cell theory: Fundamental concept of biology
glucose breakdown releases...: over 600 kcals of energy (36-38 ATP molecules)
Autotroph: organism that makes its own food
sex chromosome: the x and y pairs of chromosomes, xx female xy male
how many NADH molecules produced in glycolysis: 2 NADH
organisms that use alcoholic fermentation: plant cells and unicellular organisms
Carbon fixation: carbon from CO2 attached to other molecules
Mesophyll: Chloroplast loaded cells
Protein Synthesis: Making of a protein with two sub-processes
chemical bond: the force holding atoms together that occurs when electrons of the outermost orbital of one atom are either transferred (ionic bond) or shared (covalent bond) with the outermost orbital of another atom
cell membrane: organelle that controls what enters and leaves the cell
gene: section of bases
what happens when organic compounds are broken down into simpler compounds: energy is released
diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration; does not require energy
cytosine: C
total ATP produced in glycolysis: 4 ATP
capillarity or capillary action: the movement of water upward against gravity
active site: The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.
Neutron: Neutrally charged; found in the nucleus; each with an atom weight value of 1.
ATP --> ADP + P and energy: removing phosphate group
electrons: # of protons
polymerase: attaches nucleotides
anaphase: the sister chromatids are pulled apart at their centiomeres by the mitotic spindle/kinetochore complex.
ionic bonds: the bonds formed when charged particles attract each other
Hypotonic: Less concentrated solution
why do leaves need pores?: to let CO2 inside
nuclear envelope: surrounds the nucleus
immigration: the number of organisms moving into an ecosystem.
Centrioles: Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
isotope: a form of an atom with the same # of protons and a different number of neutrons
Cytoplasm: Material inside the cell membrane, not including the nucleus
energy: the ability to do work or make something happen
Ribosomes: Small particles of RNA and protein found throughtout the cytoplasm
Photosynthesis: light+H20+CO2 = C6H12O6+O2
importance of meiosis: in animals, meiosis results in the production of gametes. In the plants meiosis results in the production of spores without meiosis the fertilized egg would twice the number of chromosomes
Fermentation: glucose broken down, releasing alcohol or lactate
Compound: A substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more different elements.
Aerobic: process that requires oxygen.
which types of organisms undergo cellular respiration: both autotrophs and heterotrophs
covalent bond: shared electrons that create a strong bond between atoms
chromosomes: as the spindle pull in opposite directions, this ends up in the very middle of the cell.
Cohesion: An attraction between substances of the same kind.
Fleming Walter: german scientist first observed cell division
atom: the smallest particle of an element that can combine with other elements
cell: basic unit of life
what affects the rate of photosynthesis?: light intensity, temperature, concentration of CO2, concentration of O2
meiosis: reduction division
autotrophs: use inorganic materials to produce food (bacteria, all algae, plants)
cellular respiration: the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
Eukaryote: Cells that contain nuclei
Products: The newly formed substances.
ADP + P --> ATP: adding phosphate group
Lysosome: Small organelles filled with enzymes
monomer: a single subunit
organism: an individual living thing
neutrons: = atomic mass - atomic #
chromatin: DNA tightly coiled with proteins
Anaerobic: process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
three subatomic particles: electron, proton, and neutron
nucleotide: monomer of a nucleic acid
reactants in photosynthesis: CO2, water, sunlight energy, chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments
what type of energy is photosynthesis?: chemical --> electrical
compound: the bonding of one or more elements in a fixed ratio
Chemical Reaction: Change in chemical bonds that produce on or more new substances.
Nucleotide: Is made up of a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
Nucleus: Large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material
Photosystems: structures in light reaction
electron cloud: the electrons orbiting around the nucleus, always moving in and out of various energy levels
parasitism: symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another
nucleus: control center of the cell; contains DNA
chemiosmosis: process by which ATP is made using the energy released as protons move across a memrbrane
chemistry: the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Monosaccharides: The building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars such as glucose and fructose.
greenhouse effect: when the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation by allowing incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from earth's surface.

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