PSY 2012 Ch 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Pyschology
- Ths scientific study of human and animal behavior
- Overt behavior
- An action or responce that is directly observable
- Covert behavior
- A Response that is internal or hidden from view
- Empiracal evidence
- Facts or information based on direct observation or experience
- Data
- Observed facts or evidence (data: plural, Datum singular)
- Scientific Observation
- An empirical investigation that is structured to answer questions about the world
- Reasearch mentod
- A systematic approach to answering scientific questions
- Developmental Psychologist
- A psychologist interested in human growth and development from birht until death
- Learning theorist
- Psychologist intersted in variables affecting learning and in theories of learning
- Personaltiey theorist
- A psychologist who studies personality traits, dynamics, and theories
- Sensation and Perception psychologist
- a psychologist who studies the sense organs and the process of perception
- Comparative psychologist
- A psychologist primarily interested in studying and comparing the behavior of different species, especially animals.
- Biopsychologist
- A psychologist who studies the ways in whic culture affects human behavior
- Animal model
- An animal in resarch whose behavior is used to discover princples that may appyly to human behavior
- Description
- The process of naming and classifying in scientific research
- Understanding
- achieved when the causes of a behavior can be stated
- Prediction
- And abiltiy to accurately forecast behavior
- Control
- Altering conditions that ingluence behavior
- Stimulus
- Any physical energy that has some effect on an organism and that evokes a response
- Introspection
- To look within; to examine onew's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
- Structuralism
- Te school of thought concered with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements
- Functionalism
- School of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to ehier environments
- Natural selection
- Darwin's theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to thier living conditions
- Behaviorism
- School of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior
- Response
- Any muscular action, glandular actibity, or other inedtifiable aspect of behavior
- Conditioned response
- A reflex response that has become associated witha a new stimulus
- Cognitive behaviorism
- An approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (perception thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior
- Gestalt psychology
- A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning and perception in whle units, not by analysis into parts
- Unconscious
- Contents of the mind that are beyod awareness , expecially impulses and desires not directly known to a person
- Repression
- The unconscious process by which memories, thoughts, or impulses are held out of awareness
- Psychoanalysis
- A Freudian approach tho psycholotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts
- Psychodynamic theory
- Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscous forces
- Humanism
- An approach to pshchology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
- Determimism
- The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known
- Free will
- The idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions
- Self Image
- Total subjective perception of oneself
- Self-evaluation
- Positive and negative feeling held toward oneself
- Frame of reference
- A mental perspective used for judging and evaluationge events
- Self-actualization
- The proces of fully developing one's personal potential
- Cognitive psychology
- The area of psychology concerned with human thinking and information processing
- Culturalrelativity
- The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the valuse of the culture in whichin occurs
- Norms
- Rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group
- Psychologist
- A person highly trined in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology
- Clinical psychologist
- A psychologist who specializes in the tratment of psychological and behavioral distrubances or who does research on such dsturbances
- Counseling psychologist
- A psychologist whe specializes in the treatmentof milder emotinal and behavioral disturbances
- Scientist-practitioner model
- A view which ohlds that clinical psychologists should be skilled both as scientist and as thereapist
- Psychiatrist
- A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
- Psychoanalyst
- A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor trained to practice psychoanalysis
- Counselor
- A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems not involving serious mental disorder (marriage, divorce, school, career)
- Psychiatic social worker
- A mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics and hospitals
- Basic research
- Scientific study undertaken without concern for immediate practical application
- Applied research
- Scientific study undertaken to solve immediate practical problems
- Observation
- Gathering data directly by recording facts or events
- Scientific method
- testing the truth of a proposition by careful measurement and controlled observation
- Hypothesis
- The predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relationships between variables
- Operational definition
- Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. (ex. hunger= number of hours of deprivation)
- Theory
- A system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing datat and predicts future observation
- Naturalistic observation
- Observing behavior as it unfolds in natural settings
- Correlational method
- Making measurements to discover relationsips between events
- Expreimental methods
- investigating behavior through controlled experimentation
- Clinicla method
- Studyig psychological problesm and therapies in clinical settings
- Survey method
- Using questionnaires and sureys to poll large groups of people
- Natural setting
- The environment in which an organism typically lives
- Observer effect
- Changes in behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed
- Observer bias
- Te tendency of an observer to distort observations or perception to match his or her expectations