Metabolism
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place and does it require oxygen
- Occurs the mitochondria and is aerobic, requiring oxygen
- ketosis
- if glucose isn't high enough your body will build up this in blood
- Lactic acid fermentation occurs when . . .
- can't get enough O2 to cells - nowhere to put the hydrogens so they give them back (changed) to pyruvate acid
- protein synthesis takes place in the ______________ state of metabolism
- absorptive
- Why does glycolysis not require oxygen
- Glycolysis is anaerobic.
- What takes place in the Electron Transport Chain
- a series of oxidations/reductions as the hydrogens are passed from one intermediate compound to another
- In the _____________________- state of metabolism, focus becomes energy conservation and efficiency
- post-absorptive
- Oxidation-Reduction (Redox Reactions)
- Adding O2, removing H - (molecule is oxidized, then you remove H) - Can't do one without the other.
- amino acids in blood increases . . .
- nitrogenous waste
- 3 or 4 hours after you've eaten you are in the ________________________- state of metabolism
- post-absorptive
- What moves on to the next pathway, the Krebs Cycle, following glycolysis
- 2 Pyruvate
- beta oxidation
- In order to have the use of fatty acids for energy you need to run fats through this to produce ketones
- Your BMR (basal metabolic rate) is determined by
- size, age, sex, stress, nutritional state
- increases in nitrogenous wastes makes you prone to
- gout
- What skips the Krebs Cycle and goes on to the electron transport chain
- 2 Reduced co-enzymes
- How many Krebs Cycles are there from one pyruvate acid
- 2 Kreb Cycles
- Acid fermentation is a form of ___________ respiration and where might it occur in our body
- anaerobic respiration and our muscle cells can get energy from acid fermentation for a short amount of time
- If you don't have O2 available, where can you get some ATP
- Glycolysis
- Metabolism
- all chemical reactions performed by cells
- What is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
- The Krebs Cycle
- Two metabolic states are
- absorptive and post-absorptive
- lipolysis takes place in the ________________________ state of metabolism
- post-absorptive
- NAD and FAD
- Co-enzymes that act as hydrogen carriers. Allow compunds to be oxidized by accepting the Hydrogen (thereby being reduced)
- In the ____________ state, nutrients are actively being absorbed from the GI tract
- absorptive
- How many ATP is produced for every molecule
- 2 ATP are produced
- What is produced by the Krebs Cycle
- Produces CO2, ATP and reduced co-enzymes
- glucose sparing is when
- glucose must remain available to rbc's, brain cells.
- Anabolism
- synthesis metabolic reactions - building bigger from smaller molecules, requires energy input/ endergonic
- What is immediately used by the cell following glycolysis
- 2 ATPS
- amino acids are proteins for
- energy
- glycogenesis
- creation of glycogen (other metabolic reaction) - where glucose is turned into glycogen
- lipogenesis
- creation of triglycerides (fat-- fatty acids and glycerol) - move out of bloodstream to store in adipose tissue
- basal metabolic rate is how much energy you expend ...
- simply keeping yourself alive
- BMR=
- basal metabolic rate
- How much glucose is lost as heat in cellular respiration?
- 60%
- Equation for Cellular respiration
- =C6 H12 O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 Oxygen gas)+ (30 different reactions) + 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (Metabolic Water) + ATPs (Energy) =(heat)
- Where does glycolysis occur
- occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
- At several places along the way on the Electron Transport Chain, what is released to be able to phosphorylate an ADP?
- Enough Energy is released ( E+ P+ ADP --> ATP)
- What are the products of glycolysis
- Products are 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATPs and 2 reduced co-enzymes
- What forms bigger ATP providing more energy, glycolysis, kreb cycle or ETC
- ETC
- What are the products of the Kreb Cycle
- some carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3 NADH2, 1FADH2 times (x) 2 (Remember there are two cycles from that 1 glucose molecule)
- transanimation
- takes place in liver - turning one amino acid into a different amino acid to use for energy
- Catabolism
- decomposition metabolic reactions - exergonic-- on nutrients we bring in
- In the ______________ state, cells are "flooded" with nutrients and have everything they need
- absorptive
- Alcohol fermentation is another form of ____________respiration
- anaerobic -- occurs when oxygen is not present
- cells stop working if you run out of
- glucose
- in the ___________________-- state, glucose sparing takes place
- post-absorptive
- the metabolic rate is measured in
- heat production or oxygen consumption
- List 3 Chemical Pathways of Metabolism
- 1. Glycolosis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
- If you are malnourished your basal metabolic rate (BMR) will go _____________ due to your nutritional state
- down
- oxidative deamination
- takes place in liver - getting rid of ammonia to use for energy resulting in nitrogenous waste in urine
- Describe how pyruvate is modified to Acetyl CoA
- The CO2 is knocked off the pyruvate and ????? then the CoA "escorts" the acetyl group in to the Kreb Cycle and then goes back for another acetyl CoA.
- gluconeogenesis
- formation of glucose from nonCHO source
- What is the intermediate compound in the ????
- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate G3P or PGAL
- When you are making as many proteins as you can while you have the proteins you need in the absorptive state is called
- protein synthesis
- In the ____________________ state of metabolism, nutrients are no longer being absorbed and you must live on in the blood and stored away
- post-absorptive
- In the ________________ state, cells use what they need for energy, for protein synthesis, etc., and store away the rest
- absorptive
- heat production and oxygen consumption are both indirect measurements of
- measurments of ATP production
- The post-absorptive state is controlled/stimulated by
- glucagon
- alcohol fermentation is by
- yeast cells
- What must be modified before it can enter the Kreb's Cycle and what is it modified into
- the pyruvate is modified to Acetyl CoA
- What does the Electron Transport Chain produce
- Produces lots of ATP (about 30-32) and water
- lipolysis
- breakdown of triglycerides (move out of tissue into blood)
- Anaerobic respiration occurs when . . .
- oxygen is not present, or by organisms that don't use it.
- lipogenesis takes place in the _______________ state of metabolism
- absorptive
- The rate of energy expenditure of the body is the
- metabolic rate
- What is at the end of the electron transport chain and what does it form with the hydrogen that is passed
- an atom of oxygen is at the end of the chain and it gets together with the hydrogen atoms that have lost their electrons forming water
- gluconeogenesis takes place in the __________________ state of metabolism
- post-absorptive
- How much of the energy in the glucose molecule is ultimately transferred to the ATP
- 40%
- What is passed in the Electron Transport Chain so that a little bit of energy can be released along the way
- Hydrogen is passed in the electron transport chain
- skeletal muscle at rest prefers. . .
- fatty acids
- The absorptive state is controlled/stimulated by
- insulin
- Why are the products of the Kreb Cycle, including the reduced co-enzymes likened to poker chips that need to be taken to the window to be cashed in
- Because, like poker chips, products of Kreb cycle have no value until you cash them in in the Electron Transport Chain
- The antagonist to insulin is
- glucagon
- glycogenolysis
- breaking of glycogen back down (conversion) to glucose
- glycogenesis takes place in the ______________ state of metabolism
- absorptive
- Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur and does it require oxygen
- Occurs in the mitochondria and is aerobic, requiring oxygen
- Where do you "cash in your co-enzymes"
- In the Electron Transport Chain
- glycogenolysis takes place in the ____________________________ state of metabolism
- post-absorptive
- What is created following energy released in the Electron Transport Chain
- Trying to lose enough energy to create another ATP molecule