Microbiology Final
Terms
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- chemical substances that provoke the immune system
- antigens (can be proteins- most common, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids)
- domain or area on an antigen to which antibodies are directed; antigenic determinants
- epitopes
- small molecules that bind to proteins to form an epitope; will not provoke immune system on their own
- haptens
- classes of antibodies
- Ig= immunoglobulin
- IgM
- primary response
- IgG
- gamma globulin- secondary response, class of antibodies involved when you get a booster shot
- IgA
- tears, saliva, mother's milk
- IgE
- attached to mast cells, role in allergic responses
- IgD
- occurs on surface of memory cells
- macrophage
- engulfs free virus, presents viral antigens on surface
- T-Killer lymphocyte
- interacts w/ macrophage via antibody/antigen interaction- T-killer cells multiply, move to lymphatic system and kill virally infected cells
- memory cells
- some macrophages will become memory cells and will respond if the virus is encountered again
- B-cells (humoral response)
- interact (Ab/Ag) with macrophage, clones of B-cells, get chemical message from T-helper lymphocyte to produce antibodies
- T-helper lymphocyte
- send chemical message to b-cells to make ; these are the cells affected by AIDS -> b-cells can't make antibodies
- attachment of allergens on these cells results in the release of histamine
- mast cells
- Auto-immune disease- RNA complexes stimulate b-cells to make antibodies to the complexes (against own RNA)- complexes accumulate in skin and internal organs- tissue dammage, death
- lupus
- auto-immune disease- antibodies fromed against own IgG- immune complexes attache to cartilage in joint
- rheumatoid arthritis
- auto-immune disease- antibodies made against chemical groups on surface of pancreatic cells- cell mediated response to cells in pancreas
- juvenile diabetes
- autoimmune disease- antibodies to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal receptors made- lose motor nerve function
- myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune disease- antibodies made against CNS tissue- tissue dammage
- multiple sclerosis
- contact dermatitis
- haptens combine with patient's own proteins to form a new epitope- immune response to altered protein- usually a localized reaction where contact occured- ex. poison ivy/oak, cosmetics, metals (Ni), cosmetics
- antigen in tissue (important for transplantation)
- major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- Why does mother not reject fetus (it is foreign tissue)?
- sperm contains an antigenic signal that stimulates mother to make blocking antibodies which shield the fetus
- Rh factor- what, what % Rh +
- chemical group on red blood cells; 85% pop. Rh+
- pathogen which causes strep throat
- steptococcus pyogenes
- type of hemolysis that takes place on blood agar when pathogenic strep is present
- beta-hemolysis- complete destruction of blood cells (partial destruction is alpha, usually non-pathogenic)
- complications of strep throat
- otis media (ear infections), rheumatic fever (heart valves), acute glomerulonephritis (kidneys), septicemia (breaks down organ tissue)
- other infections caused by streptococcus pyogenes
- erysipeias (skin infections), childbirth fever, necrotizing fascitis (invasion of deep tissue, muscles, toxic shock and death- flesh eating bacteria)
- pathogen which causes diphtheria
- corynebacterium diphtheriae
- what diphtheria toxin does
- inhibits 80S ribosomes (shuts down protein synthesis), death from cardiac arrest
- how diphtheria is spread
- spread by individuals who have it in their throats, carriers; spread by mucous droplets from coughing and sneezing
- Pertussis (whooping cough)- pathogen and where it attaches
- bordatella pertussis (gram - rod), attaches to pili in throat cells
- Bacterial meningitis- organism responsibly for most severe type
- neisseria meningiditis (5% of pop. carriers)
- Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
- spinal tap; look for gram - cocci
- treatment and problem with that treatment
- treated with antibiotics, problem because blood/brain barrier can prevent antibiotics from entering spinal column
- Haemophilus influenzae, who, what
- occurs in 80% of health individuals, serious in children 6 mo.- 6 yrs., can invade CNS to cause meningitis
- class of viruses that cause colds
- rhino viruses > 100 strains
- TB- pathogen
- mycobacterium tuberculosis, gram (+) rod; mycolic acid (wax) in cell wall
- how organism is spread
- inhalation of organism from an infected person
- how organism acts in body
- engulfed by phagocytes but can multiply in these cells and spread to other organ systems (ex. lymph)
- test for TB in US
- Mantoux skin test; tuberculin used, hypersensitivity of organism if patient has TB
- treatment of TB
- antibiotics, 2 given for at least 6 mo. (have to make sure people finish dose or surviving pathogens become resistant)
- Pneumonia- organism that causes 80% of bacterial pneumonia
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- "walking pneumonia" (primary atypical pneumonia)- pathogen
- mycoplasma pneumoniae (lacks cell wall, cannot be treated w/ penicillin)
- Legionnaire's Disease- pathogen and where found
- legionella pneumophilia- found in water towers, HVAC, shower heads, spray units in produce sections
- Botulism- 3 main causes
-
72% - infants- given honey water
25%- home canning - baceterium is in soil
3%- cutaneous drug addicts - botulism- pathogen
- clostridium botulinum
- where found
- spores in soil, sewage, fertilizers, intestines of animals, fish, birds
- What does toxin do that is so dangerous?
- it inhibits the release of acetyl choline form nerve synapse, causes flaccid paralysis, can die of resp. or cardiac arrest
- staph food poisoning- most common type of food poisoning- pathogen (Toxin)
- toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus
- transmission of staph food poisoning
- food handlers w/ abscesses and boils
- where staph occurs on body in healthy individuals
- skin and in nose
- clostridial food poisoning- pathogen, where found
- clostridium perfringens; found in protein rich foods like meats , poultry, beans- bulging cans usually contain clostridium perfringens, produces a lot of gas, can may explode
- other problem caused by clostridium perfringens
- gas gangrene
- Typhoid fever- pathogen and transmission
-
salmonella typhi (most dangerous of salmonella); transmission by 5 F's- fingers, food, fleas, feces, fomites
(treated with antibiotics so no more "Typhoid Mary's") - Salmonella food poisoning- main foods involved
-
poultry (found in the intestinal tract of chickens) and eggs (and egg products)
most reported GI tract disease - E.Coli 0:157 H7- major outbreak, foods involved
-
Jack in the Box (hamburgers), also can occur in mayonnaise, juicues (unpasteurized apple juice), dry cured salami, alfalfa sprouts
can also occur in pools, petting zoos - Where does E. Coli 0:157 H7 occur?
- intestinal tract of cows... cow manure
- organism responsible for 80-90% of gastric ulcers, how it enters stomach
- helicobacter; enters stomach on contaminated food, burrows into stomach wall through mucous lining to cause ulcer
- treatment of ulcers
- antibiotics- tetracycline, amoxicillin
- Listeria monocytogenes- where it occurs, how transmitted
- occurs in warm blooded animals (pets), transmitted by fecal contaimination
- foods affected by listeria
- soft cheeses, cold cuts, liver pastes, veggies, milk and milk products, poultry, sausage, hot dogs
- Brucellosis- affect on cows and humans
- brucella abortus (spontaneous abortion in cows), relapsing (Malta) fever in humans - can come from animal contact, contaiminated milk
- Rotaviruses
- most common in kids under 5, wheel-shaped under e- microscope, causes dehydration, fecal-oral route, diarrhea
- Norwalk virus
- shellfish may be a reservoir, recent problem on cruise ships, infects upper small intestine, infectious up to 3 weeks after epidemic, fecal-oral route
- Hepatitis A, what, how you get it
- infection of the liver; fecal-oral route; outbreaks from eating raw shellfish
- Hepatitis B and C- how spread
-
both spread by tattooing needles, drug needles, piercing equip., razors, toothbrush
(B spread through sexual intercourse as well) - disease caused by Hep C
- liver disease, causes liver cancer
- Bacterial cystitis- infection of urinary bladder- pathogens
-
80-90% caused by E. Coli from patient's intestinal tract
5-10% Klebsiells, proteus
all gram (-) - urinary bladder infections from catheterization- 2 organisms responsible
- p. aeruginosa (gram -), enterrococcus faecalis (gram +, from intestinal tract)
- Candida Albicans
- causes yeast infections, more prevalent when taking antibiotics that kill normal flora in tract, during pregnancy and while using birth control b/c those increase amount of glycogen which is a nutrient for candida
- staphylococcal toxic shock- organism, outbreak
- caused by toxin produced by staph aureus, certain kind of tampon allowed bacterium to grow
- syphilis- organism, how seen
- treponema pallidum (pale turning thread), can only be seen w/ dark field microscopy
- 3 stages of syphilis
-
1- ulcer appears at site of entry
2- skin rash, flu-like symptoms
3- can invade CNS!(can cause mental illness) soft gummy lesions calles gummas develop - when can antibiotics be used to treat syphilis?
- only in stage 1 and 2
- Chlamydia trachamonis (reporting)
- most reported STD- referred to as silent b/c it occurs w/o obvious symptoms
- Gonorrhoea- reporting, organism responsible
- 2nd most reported STD, caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
- besides venereal disease, neisseria gonorrhea can cause...
- blindness in children
- Clostridium tetani- where found
- in the soil, in the intestines of animals (esp. horses)
- toxin produced by clostridium tetani and what it does to body
- toxin = tetanospasmin (2nd most deadly toxin), causes lock jaw (face 1st muscles affected) and prevents the relaxation of muscles
- spread of clostridum tetani
- tattooing needles, ear piercing, unsanitary cutting of umbilical cord in undeveloped countries (covered with dung)