chap 18 history
Terms
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- 4 viceroyalties of Spain in Latin America
-
New Granada
New Spain
Peru
La Plata - Viceroys
- ruled viceroyalties under the King
- Peninsulares
-
Born in Spain
- Criollos or Crioles
-
Had parents born in Spain, born in the Americas
- Mestizos
- mixed Amerindian and Spanish
- mulattos
- mixed African and Spanish
- Metis
- mixed French Canadians and Amerindians
- order of spanish hierarchy in latin america
-
peninsulares
Criollos
Mestizos
Mulattos
Amerindians
African slaves - How many armadas full of silver were sent to Spain each year
-
2
- Purity of Blood
-
- Having only Catholic men of pure spanish blood in the government
- Father of the family was responsible for making sure his daughters were pure until after they got married
- Syncretism
- is the blending of old beliefs and some ideas from another religion
- Inez de la Cruz
-
-most famous child prodigy
- Latin
- Entered a convent bc denied admission to Univ. of Mexico and wrote poetry still used in Mexico today
- work was censored and outlawed by conservaties and she was forced to sell her library. - Convents were an option for the
- wealthy
- In Latin America marriages were
- arranged
- if poor women need to work what was not an option?
- a convent
- Portugal wanted to colonize ________
-
Asia
- _____ was more of an afterthought for Portugal
- Brazil
- how many slaves in brazil?
- 150,000 half of the population
- major gold deposits were found in _____
- Brazil
- Amerindians were displaced by Africans in ________
- the gold mines in Brazil
- Jesuit missionaries played a significant role in Brazil. Both ____ and ___ were religions in colonial Brazil
- Catholism and African religions
- Maroons
- runaway slaves
- Maroons often went into ______ groups or formed___
-
Amerindian groups
formed quiolombos - most famous quilombo
- Palmares
- Pennsylvainia was the only state where German and Dutch outnumbereed the
- English
- Merccantilism
- colonies make mother country wealthier
- what groups dominated Carolina and VA
- Protestants
- Only religiously tolerant colonies?
- Rhode Island and Penn.
- Protestant/Catholic divide of England and Spain made
- the English view the Spanish and their empire negatively
- In English literature the Spanish seemed?
- barbaric and cruel
- English and Spanish were equally inhumane to the
- indigenous ppl
- English worked harder than the Spanish on
- conversion through missionaries
- english did not make room for ________ unlike the Spanish
- race mising
- Olauda Equiambo wrote
- The Interesting Narrative
- Miguel Zeravantes wrote
- don Quixote
- first slave auction was in
- New Amsterdam (dutch Nyc)
- Africans traded by fellow Africans in exchange for
- guns
- African slaves came from
-
the west coast
-Congo
-Cierra Lione
- Senegal
-ivory coast - slaves called
- black gold
- slave boat called
- floating coffins
- revolts were common or not common? Why?
- not common, if it failed life was more miserable
- how many slaves came over
- 12 million
- still slavery today?
- yes
- most slaves went to
- west indies
- Equiambo was going to
- Barbados
- how much space did each slave have?
- 3ft 3in
-
contrivance
-example -
-something created to fit a need
-iron muzzle so slaves couldnt eat or talk - Charleston was
- Carolinas main port and slave trading captial
- in SC what style slavery?
- Caribbean
- pestilential
- deadly
- flogging, lashing means
- whipping (punishment for slaves)
- slaves on the ships could be whipped for
- not eating
- children aboard a slave ship often fell into
- neccesary tubs (where they went to the bathroom)
- Equiambo had something valuable. what was it ?
- youth
- because equiambo was young
- he was not put in the fetters
- Catalina de Erauso
- escaped a convent, disquised herself as a man, and became a Spanish soldier in the Americas
- Potosi is in present day
- Bolivia
- Potosi was in
- the viceroyalty of peru
- What American possesions were small compared to the Spanish
- French and English
- Repartimiendo system was harsher than the
- encomienda/mita
- sugar producing islands of the Carib. were the Spanish ruled islands of
- Cuba and Puerto rico
- sugar producing islands of the Carib owned by england
- Jamaica and Barbados
- New Amsterdam was given to the ______ by the dutch and renamed ________
- given to the english and renamed New york
- the French sailed up what river looking for a northwest passage?
- St. lawrence
- What is a Northwest passage?
- a maritime route to Asia
- What kind of cultural adaptations did the French make with the Amerindians?
- smoked tobacco, had children with them
- Why did many of the Huron seek baptism
- thought the holy water would save them from small pox
- who was the founder of quebec
- samuel de champlain
- quebec was owned and settled by
- the french
- the french had what type of relationship with the amerindians?
- cooperative
- most lucrative of all French possessions in Americas and why
- small caribbean islands, because of the crops
- two reasons that the englasih did not use the amerindians for labor in the virginia colony
-
Amerindian men were not usually engaged in agriculture so did not have much experience
local pops. decreasing cause of smallpox
- sir walter raleigh was
- a major investor in the virgaina settlement
- sir walter raleigh pushed the amerindians to the frontier just as he had done to the i
- irish people
- if indentured servants worked for a set period of time they earned a
- return passage or a small plot of land
- in what year did the first slaves arrive in the virginia colony
- 1619
- differences between carolina and virginia?
-
-plantations were much larger in carolina
-africans were more of population in carolina
-rice and indigo were carolinas cash crops and tobacco was virginias main cash crop - in the rural areas of Spanish colonies it was harder to maintain
- hierarchies
- The Spanish made a mistake in not developing
- new military technology and as a result the dutch english and french could challenge spain
- spains main economic goal
- extract minerals and other raw materials
- in colonial latin america what based market?
- agriculture
- Haciendas
- large estates that owners had total control of their lands with little refrence to outside authority
- Amerindians were legally prevented from
- leaving the haciendas
- debt peonage
- Amerindians wages were not high enough to pay back their debt to hacienda owners. vicious debt cycle
- inca had used what system of labor
- mita
- differences in spanish mita and inca mita
-
under inca mita
every household contributed labor
exemption were given for pppl in unusual circumstance
workers were fed clothed and well treated - In Spanish centralized govt in Americas blurred boundaries between
- state and church
- often top spanish government officials
- church leaders
- New granada captial
- bogota
- greatest discovery of silver in world history was made
- in the Andes at Potosi
- primary motive for conquistadors
- lust for gold
- whipping, branding, dismembering, castrating, or killing of slaves was legal under what laws?
- black/slave codes
- What was Equianos book called? 2 names
-
Interesting Narrative
Gustavus Vassa the African
- What does pestilential mean?
-
harmful, destructful, evil
~plagues, diseases - What does copious mean?
- abundant, plentiful
- what does avarice mean?
- greed
- What does inconceivable mean?
- unimaginable, unthinkable
- What does fetters mean?
- a chain or shackles placed on feet
- the first settlers in new england were dissenters of what church?
- they were Calvinist dissenters of the Anglican church
- other two reasons fro settlers coming to new england
- the land was cheap and wages were high
- What role did the Dutch play in brazil?
-
more investments
brought more slaves for sugar plantations
Dutch West/East India Company
- how was new england homogeneous in cultre
- Men and women were balanced in number so there was less mixing between races, from the outside looking in everyone seemed the same
- What islands did the English rule?
-
barbados and jamaica
- What was the Northwest passage?
-
fictional
direct water route to asia - Commercial center of new england?
- Boston
- what provided the original wealth to boston?
- fishing and shipping industries
- What kind of relationship did the French have with the indiginouse people of new france?
-
had children together-metis
cooperated
smoking tobacco bcame an impt ritual - where was the poor quality cod from boston sent?
- to the Caribbean to feed the slaves
- why were the british mainland colonies of little importance to britain?
- compared to the peruvian silver and brazilian sugar and gold, the crops that came from the americas were not nearly as lucrative
- Who was the founder of Quebec?
- Samuel de Champlain
- What were the most lucrative of all French possessions in the Americas?
-
sugar plantations
small carribean islands; generated huge profits using slaves to produce sugar for European markets - What did indentured servants get from working in the Virginia colony?
- the trip to the Americas was payed for and at the end of 4-7 years of work they got to go home or they got a small peice of land
- What was the greatest fear of the colonial authorities in Virginia?
-
sexual contacts and relationships b/n white settelers and african slaves
- What were the 2 main differneces between the cAROLINAS and Virginas?
- Virginia was a royal colony and the number of slaves outnumbered the English settlers in the Carolinas
- The reparmiento was what compared to encomienda?
- harsher
- Discuss the challenge the Catholic Church encountered in the Americas?
-
-syncretism~the virgin mary and the saints were blended with gods and fertility
-easier to enforce religion in Spain then in Latin America
-inquistion to root out heretics (get rid of Muslims, Protestants, Jews)
-the amerindians and africans were illiterate (didnt understand) sos they wanted to convert them
-heretics escaped persecution (went to the americas)
- slave ships?
- floating coffins
- yokes?
-
connects the Afircans as they went to the coast
- African countries?
-
sierra lion
congo
ivry coast
synogol - What was Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa?
-
it was built by africans
were they came to trade slaves for guns and rum - slavery still occurs today? in what form
- sex trafficing
- how many slaves total were brought sold in the slave trade? triangular trade
-
12 million
- What was the only successful slave revolt?
-
Tu Sant Lui Bator
- what was the ideal age of slaves?
-
teens, young adults
- Flogged means what?
- whipped
- What country posed the biggest threat to England?
- Spain
- wHAT was the mercantalist theory and what was the effectiveness of the mercantalist laws?
-
it was an economic theory that the mother country will become wealthier b/c of resources of her colonies; colonies were only allowed to trade w. mother county
-The colonies found ways around them; pirtates. - Where did Erauso leave?
- Panama
- Who was Ines de la Cruz?
-
-most famous child prodigy
-latin
-denied entry into U. of Mexico
-entered a convent
-wrote poems
-had a library of books that got taken away - What was the economic focal point for the English?
- carribean islands
- House of Burgesses was?
- first government in Americas
- How did Boston become wealthy?
- cod fisheries/ shipping
- What kind of environmental and political effects did the fur trade have on the indigenous people of New France?
-
-had to venture farther away to set traps
-competition for beaver pelts increased
~caused conflict w/ other idig. p.
-use of guns (along with horses, iron tools, and alcohol) made warfare more lethal
-more efficient buffalo hunting
-disease
-women lost their status because the men became so impt (hunting, beaver pelts, fur)
-Siberian, Russia became wealthier due to fur trade
-French actually lived with amerindians
-great demand of fur in China and the Ottoman Empire - What was the theme of Miguel Cervantes book, Don Quixote?
- new kind of hero who didnt get caught up in the casta system(doesnt conform)