Behavioral Science 2
Terms
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- What are the three types of disease prevention?
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PDR
PREVENT
(prevent occurrence, i.e. through vaccination)
DETECT
(early detection - PAP smear)
REDUCE DISABILITY
(insulin for diabetes) - What are actions of the Reticular Activating System?
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Activation and Inhibition/Filtration
Arousal (disorder-stupor)
Orienting Response to Novel Stimuli (Disorder-Attn Deficit) - What are the components of the limbic system?
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Cingulate & Parahippocampal gyri of limbic cortex
Hippocampus, dentate gyri, subicular complex
Amygdala (basolat, centromed complexes)
Hypothalamus (Nucl. Accumbens, mamillary bodies)
Thalamus (ant. nuc, DM nucl)
Cortical regions (OF,Temp,Insula) - What types of behaviors arise from the limbic system?
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Instincts:
Aggression
Sexuality
Memory:
amnesia, Korsakoff's - What are the five zones of the cortex?
- Limbic, Paralimbic, Primary Sensory, Primary Motor, Unimodal association, heteromodal association
- Functions of five?
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Limbic: homeostasis, emotionality, drives/instinct, memory/learning
Paralimbic: assoc limbic&heteromodal - OF,insula,temporal,parahipp, cingulate gyri
Primary sensory, Primary motor(duh)
Unimodal Assoc: Organizes sensory info into recognizable patterns
Motor programs for complex mvmnts
Sensory info about space used to guide above
Heteromodal: Inf Parietal, Prefrontal cortex
Synthesize unimodal sensory, integrated language-relevant perception (ID names attached to objects) - What are the dominant and non-dominant hemisphere responsible for?
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Dominant: (maj pop=Left)
Process info sequentially
in detail
Process language input&output
Nondominant (maj=right)
process info for general patterns
parallel fashion
Multiple inputs simultan.
Visual-Spatial input/output - What would right hemisphere dysfunction in a right handed individual cause?
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Dysregulated mood (explosiveness, shifting overly intense moods)
Problems with recognition (faces, places)
Poor visual-spatial function - What are some of the functions of the frontal lobe?
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Executive Functions:
Planning
Initiating planned action
Monitoring/self corr. action
Terminating completed action - How would someone with a frontal lobe lesion present?
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make mistakes
less efficient (poor plan)
Become inactive (no plans for ADL's come to mind)
Perseverate (repeat same actions) b/c can't terminate.
Judgment, problem solving disrupted
FIRST AID: Personality Changes, Deficits in Concentration/Orientation/Judgment - What are some other frontal lobe functions?
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Abstract Thinking
Short Term Memory
Expressive Lang/Speech
Voluntary mvmnt - What would lesion of the non-dominant frontal lobe produce?
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Motor Aprosidia = monotonous speech, expressionless face
Nondom. fr. lobe involved in expression of emotion/musicality/intonationin speech - What are some functions of the temporal lobe?
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Memory
New Learning
Emotional tone to perceptions
Facial Recognition
Language -
Define:
Prosopagnosia
Receptive Aprosodia -
Prosopagnosia = inability to recognize faces, despite adeq. vision
Receptive Aprosidia: inabiliity to respond/recognize emotions of others
Both due to temporal lobe lesions - Parietal Lobe Functions?
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Recognizing concurrent sensory signals as single perception
3-D space & self relation to space
Integration Visual/tactile with language
Linking perception to motor performance/mvmnt guidance - What do lesions in the parietal lobe cause?
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Huge effect on IQ scores
intellectual life
understanding abstract concepts -
Define:
astereognosis
Agraphesthesia -
Astereognosis: cannot ID objects by touch in extremity contralat to lesion
Agraphesthesia= can't ID #s/letters traced on contralat palm to lesion
both are parietal lobe lesions dependent - Dyspraxia or Apraxia
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inability to perform simple motor tasks (using scissor/hammers)
w/ intact primary motor skills
parietal lobe lesion - What two behavioral states correlate with Dopamine?
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1) Substance Abuse - reward pathway for some drugs utilizes dopa release
Repeated use=dopa stores depleted=no pleasure
2) Schizophrenia (too much Dopa, meds block Dreceptors) -
What effects does NE have?
What is it synthesized by? -
1) stimulants - energizing effect can produce aggression/violence
2) Reduces pain perception
3) Increased amnts in cleft tx depression
Made from Dopamine by B-Hydroxylase Enzyme
Found in Locus Coeruleus - Behavioral effects of Serotonin?
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Regulates:
Mood
Agression/Violence
Sleep
Pain
IMPULSE CONTROL
Low levels= depression, other NT's become pathogenic
high levels= incr sleep, decr sexual activity
Hallucinogens impact 5HT rec.
Found Dorsal Raphe Nuclei - Histamine
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Hypothalamus
Vegetative functions:
sedation, wt control, CV effects
H2 blockade (antipsychotics, tricyclics) may -> wt gain, incr appetite - Ach
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MEMORY (dementia-Alzheimers)
Degenerate also in Downs, mvmnt disorders - GABA
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Inhibitory
Decreases anxiety (Benzodiazepines are anti-anxiety and potent. GABA)
Anticonvulsant properties
Losso of GABA neurons seen in Parkinsons, Huntingtons - Glutamate
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Excitatory
Schizophrenia
PCP acts on a glutamate receptor to produce schiz-like psychosis - How is obesity defined?
- Body weight 20% or grtr over idea body wt for persons gender, age, build.
- What does excessive abdominal weight correlate with, and in whom is it more prevalent?
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Correlates with:
High blood pressure
diabetes
early Heart disease
Some cancers
More common in Men - What is the difference btwn childhood onset obesity and adult onset?
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Childhood onset: fat cell hyperplasia
Adult: fat cell hypertrophy -
What is the BMI a measure of?
How is it calculated? -
Measure of weight adj for height.
BMI=wt in KG/(ht in m)squared - What are important BMI numbers to know?
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less than 18.5=underweight
18.5-24.9 Normal
25-29.9 Overweight
greater than 30 Obese - Four Correlates of Chronic Pain
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1. True physiological substrate
2. Psychological (I'm weak)
3. Social control (self/others)
4. Holding onto loved one by developing similar symptoms - What happens with sensory deprivation?
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1. Hypnotic condition
2. Profound anxiety, depression, hostility
3. Auditory/visual hallucinations
Depressed level consciousness
4. Extreme stimulus hunger& suggestibility - What are the wave forms noted in awake periods?
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Awake, alert, mental conc:
High Frequency BETA waves (15-18 Hz)
Awake, eyes closed, relaxed:
ALPHA Waves (8-12 Hz) -
Describe the first stage of sleep.
What percent of YOUNG ADULT'S sleep cycle spent here? -
Stage 1:
Theta Waves (4-7 Hz)
Ligh sleep, slow rolling eyes
5% -
Second Stage of Sleep
Percent of sleep cycle? -
Stage 2
Deeper Sleep
Sleep Spindles (12-14 Hz increasing and decr. waves)
K complexes
45% -
Third Stage of Sleep-Fourth Stage
What actions occur?
Percent of Sleep Cycle? -
Slow Wave/Delta Sleep
Delta Waves (lowest freq, highest amplidtude freq 4Hz)
Occur only first two cycles of night.
Breathing/HR slow, muscle tone normal.
Sleepwalking, night terrors, bed-wetting
25% (does not develop fully til mos after birth, dim. with age) -
REM sleep?
What causes rapid eye movements? -
Rapid-eye-Mvmnt - PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)
Beta Waves, bursts saw tooth waves and alpha occiptal waves (8-12 hz)
Loss Motor Tone
Erections/ clitoral tumes.
Increased 02 use by brain
least responsive to external stimuli
increased/variable BP,Pulse
Loss of DTR's
DREAMING
25% (decreases with age) - Structure of Typical Sleep cycle?
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all four stages NREM sleep
REM sleep every 90 minutes, lasts about 20 min, progr longer thru night - What is the role of NT's in REM sleep?
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NE induces it but decreases total sleep time and total REM time
Ach is principal transmitter that mediates REM sleep (increases sleep time)
Serotonin increases sleep time
Dopamine increase --> decreases sleep -
What can be used to treat night terrors and sleepwalking?
Bedwetting? -
Benzodiazepines, which shorten Stage 4 Sleep
Imipramine for enuresis - also shortens Stage 4 Sleep - What is the definition of Sleep Apnea?
- Person stops breathing for at least 10 seconds.
- What are the two types of sleep apnea?
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Obstructive: muscle atonia/tongue/tonsillar obstruction/nasalobstruction
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: Obesity, Hypothyroid, alcohol/sedative use
Central: failure of MEDULLA to respond to CO2 (occurs esp in kids, cause ofSIDS) - morning cyanosis - What are symptoms/effects of sleep apnea (esp obstructive)?
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Loud snoring
Daytime Sleepiness, Aystole/heart failure Arhythmias
Icreased risk for ischemia/stroke/HTN
Reduced libido (adults) - How to treat sleep apnea?
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Weight Loss, CPAP (positive pressure mask), surgery, avoid alcohol/sedatives
Kids with central: sleep posture, buzzer warning system, theophylline to keep sleep light, usually grow out of by age 2-3 -
How to treat insomnia?
Define? -
Relaxation techniques/systematic desensitization
no daytime naps,light snack bedtime, bedfor sleep only, exercise, routine
Barbiturates/non-benzos: ADDICTIVE, suppress REM sleep
Benzos: reduce slow-wave sleep, higher doses red REM
Last resort: short acting benzos LESS THAN 1-2 MOS (otherwise addiction)
Problem falling asleep 3x/wk for min 1 mo -
Define Narcolepsy.
Tx? -
Sudden onset REM sleep during day.
Strong Genetic Component.
Stimulant drugs - What are the two types of hallucinations that can occur (w or w/o n)?
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Hpnagogic hallucinations: just BEFORE falling asleep
Hypnopompic: just before awakening
may occur w/ or w/o sleep paralysis (similar to cataplexy) - Define cataplexy
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Sudden loss of voluntary muscle tone (usually follows strong emotions or abrupt mvnmnts).
Attacks last less than 2 min, recover, often accompanies narcolepsy. -
Disorders of sleep-wake :
Delayed Sleep phase
Advanced Sleep phase -
delayed sleep phase: difficulty arising in morning (jet lag, obscure work shifts)
advanced: can't stay awake in evening, early morning awakenings (mor common in elderly) -
Parasomnias:
Somnabulism
Pavor Nocturnus -
Somnambulism: Sleepwalking kids: deep sleep, adults; NREM sleep. FAMILIAL. clumsy.
abates by puberty.
Pavor Nocturnus: night terrors. NREM sleep. familial, episodes minutes, amnesia of event on waking.
Tx of both:
Protect from falls
alert family, ID anxieties, long acting benzos to suppress stage 4 -
Sleep-Related Enuresis
Bruxism
Head Banging -
Enuresis: slow wave in kids, first third of night
Bruxism: jaw grinding NREM stage 2
Head banging: early childhood, during sleep onset - Sub-cortical aphasia
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lesion in left thalamus or caudate
Initial loss fluency/spont
speech regains fluency
paraphrasic errors, ok repet.
resembles schizophrenic speech. - Difference between global and conduction aphasia?
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Global = lesion to both Broca's and Wernickes (slow, labored, dysarthric, telegraphic speech)
Conduction: arcuate fasciculus lesion, repitition impaired but output/comprehension of language mildly affected only - What are key changes in the sleep patterns of depressed individuals?
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Decreased slow wave sleep
Decreased REM latency
Early morning awakenings - Name some genetic study techniques to assess environment vs. genetic contributions.
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FAMILY studies - prevalence compared to control
Twin- coincidence rates & environment/vs genetics in twins reared apart
Adoption studies: environment
cross-fostering: study adopted kids and biological kids in a family (env. vs genes)
Linkage: find markers linked to characteristic - Orientation - x3 and x4
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Patient oriented to person, place, time.
x4 includes to present situation (what are we doing) - What is lost first in orientation?
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lost first: time
second: place
last: person -
Define
anosognosia
autotopagnosia
depersonalization -
anosognosia: unaware that one is ill
autotopagnosia: unable to locate own body parts
depersonalization: body seems unreal/dissociated -
Define the following:
immediate memory
recent memory -
immediate memory: within last 10-15 minutes (repetition of 3 things)
recent memory: last two weeks (news events) - Remote Memory
- More than two years old
- What type of memory is lost first with aging?
- immediate memory first, remote memories last
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Differentiate between the following:
hallucinations
illusions
delusions -
Hallucinations: Perceptions in absence of stimuli
Illusions: misinterpretations of real stimuli
Delusion: false beliefs maintained in spite of obvious proof to contrary -
Define:
circumstantiality
tangential -
Thought defect: give excessive detail about situation
off target/ straying to related issues -
Diff. btwn:
delusion
loose association -
Delusion: disorder in the content of the thought, the actual idea.
Loose association: problem in stringing together/ form of thoughts (when only strung together based on word sounds=clang associations) - What is another aspect of thought (other than delusions, tangentiality, circumstantiality, loose assocations)
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RATE of thought:
accelerated
retarded
totally blocked out (can't recall thoughts) - What are intelligence tests good at predicting?
- Academic achievement, NOT occupational success
- What are the different test results and how can they be used?
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Full Scale IQ (FSIQ)
Verbal IQ
Performance IQ
If verbal IQ sig. less than performance, could guess dom. hemisphere defect. - What is the mean on IQ tests?
- Mean: 100, SD of 15 (85-115)
- What IQ scores define levels of mental retardation?
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IQ<70 = MR (or 2 SD below mean)
IQ<40 = Severe MR
IQ<20 = Profound MR - What are some issues in using these tests cross-culturally?
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Language: require English, oral lang skills
Time: cultures vary in prep for rapidity
Item content: req. ID of items some may not be exposed to - What are the two most famous tests and how do the calculate IQ?
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Stanford Binet (good for young kids since less lang)
IQ as
(MENTAL AGE/CHRON AGE) x100
Wechsler: 11 subtests (6 verbal, 5 performance) -
What is the difference between and objective and a projective test?
What are intelligence tests? -
Objective: questions that are scored and easily analyzed.
Projective: subject interprets questions, response based on subject motivational/defense system
Intelligence test=objective