Interpersonal Communication Exam 1

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Interpersonal Communication: The verbal and nonverbal interaction between at-least two people.
Dyad (or Dyadic communication): two-person communication
Interdependency: Communication occurs in and reflects a relationship between multiple people
interpersonal continuum: How you arrange relationships on a range between "Impersonal" and "Interpersonal" status
Impersonal: Little self-disclosure and emotional content in the communication
Personal: Much self-disclosure and personal content in the communication
Synchronous: Communication in real-time (IM, in-person, phone)
Asynchronous: Communication that doesn't take place in real time.
transactional: says IPC is a process with interdependent elements
5 purposes of IPC: Learn, Relate, Influence, Play, Help
IPC Purpose: Learn?: Enables you to understand the external world.
IPC Purpose: Relate?: Helps your relate - communicate love/friendship
IPC Purpose: Influence?: Influence attitudes and behaviors. Some believes all communication is persuasive
IPC Purpose: Play?: Discuss fun activities
IPC Purpose: Help?: To share helpful knowledge and advice
Captology: A study of the ways computer technology and computer-mediated communications (CMC) serve to influence people through IPC
ambiguous: Messages that can be thought to have more than one meaning or words interpreted differently
Reasons for ambiguity: 1. All relationships hold uncertainty
2. Culture
3. Context
4. Slang
5. Sarcasm
Symmetrical relationship: two people copy each others behavior
Complementary relationship: Two people engage in different behaviors in ways that support each other.
noise: anything that distorts a message in communication
Physical noise: interference that externally interrupting both the speaker and listener (loud music)
Physiological noise: Barriers between sender and receiver - bad vision, hearing loss, articulation issues, memory problems
Psychological noise: mental interference - conflicting ideologies, beliefs, wandering thoughts, biases, prejudices
Semantic noise: different meaning systems between the speaker and listener. Different languages, complex jargon, ambiguous terms
Context Dimension: Physical: concrete environment in which communication takes place
Context Dimension: Temporal Dimension: Time of day, moment in history, where a message fits into a sequence of events
Context Dimension: Social-Psychological Dimension: Relationships among the participants
Context Dimension: Cultural Dimension: cultural beliefs and customs
Content/Relational Meaning: The exact content of a message doesn't always define how a certain relationship defines it
Punctuated: Messages divided into sequences of stimuli and responses
Inevitable communication: Many instances your communicating without realizing it - you constantly communicate in many ways
Irreversible communication: Cannot take back what you've already said, however you can work with it
Unrepeatability: everything in communication is constantly changing
Culture: beliefs and lifestyle of a certain group of people
Acculturation: learning the rules and norms of a culture different from your native culture
enculturation: Learning about the culture your born in
Intercultural communication: commutation between different cultures
cultural relativism: all cultures are different, but no culture is superior to the other
Cultural evolution: cultures evolve just like life
Reasons for Relevance of Culture: 1. Demographic changes
2. Increased sensitivity to cultural differences
3. Economic interdependency
4. Advances in Comm Technology
5. What often works in one culture wont work in another
Hofstede's study: found there are cultural groupings that affect the behavior of people in them
Power Distance: How power is shared in a culture
High-power-Distance Culture: Power is in the hands of few, with great distance between the power of leaders/elite and common man
Low-Power-Distance Culture: Power is more evenly distributed
Masculine Cultures: emphasize success and train their people to be assertive and competative
Feminine Cultures: emphasize the quality of life and train their people to be modest and form close IPCs
High ambiguity tolerance: don't feel threatened by unknown situations, uncertainty
Low-ambiguity tolerance: people who do a lot to avoid uncertainty
Collectivism: members of a group are responsible for the entire group
Individualism: members of a group are responsible for themselves and immediate family/friends
US Ranking in regards to Ambiguity Tolerance, Individualism, Masculinity, Low Context: USA IS:
Ambiguity Tolerance: #11, Individualism: #50, Masculinity: #36, Low Context: #3
High Context: much information is context to the people talking
Low Context: Info is directly stated with little regard to context
Problem with: Korean Airlines & Power Distance: Problem was a high power distance made it near impossible for lower ranking employees to intervene in a situation with the leaders and help with a serious problem
How to improve intercultural communication competence?: 1. Educate Yourself of the culture
2. Reduce uncertainty
3. Recognize Differences
4. Confront Stereotypes
5. Adjust your Communication
6. Reduce Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes: Superficial beliefs about certain people or groups
Ethnocentrism: Tendency to think your cultural beliefs are superior to others
4 Stages of Culture Shock: 1. The Honeymoon - fascination with other culture
Stages of Culture Shock: 1. Honeymoon - fascination with other culture
2. Crisis - Frustration and Fear created by differences between your culture and a new culture
3. Recovery - Gain skills to cope with new culture
4. Adjustment - Adjustment and enjoyment of new culture
Self-concept: an image of who you are
Social comparison: Comparing yourself to others to develop social concept
Cultural Teachings: Your birth culture's beliefs and ideas that test your self concept
Self Evaluation: you react to your own behavior to develop self concept
Self Awareness: The extent which you know yourself
Self-Esteem: how valuable you think you are
Johari Window: Self-Awareness: Your Four Selves model
List The Four Selves (Johari Window) Describe for each if they are known/not known to others & yourself: Open Self : Known to Others & Self
Blind Self: Known to Others & Not Known to Self
Hidden Self: Not Known to Others & Known to Self
Unknown Self: Not known to others & Not known to self
Open Self: Info about you that you and others known
Blind Self: Info about you that you don't know, but others know
Hidden Self: Info about you that you know but others don't know
Unknown Self: Info about you that neither you nor others know
How to grow self-awareness (5 ways): 1. Ask yourself about yourself
2. Listen to others
3. Seek info about yourself
4. See your different selves
5. Increase your open self
How to increase your self-esteem (5 ways): 1. Attack Self-Destructive Beliefs
2. Seek Out Nourishing People
3. Work on Projects that Result in Success
4. Remind yourself of Your Successes
5. Secure Affirmation (positive statements about yourself)
Perception: How you become aware of things through your senses: sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing
5 Stages of Perception: 1. You sense the stimuli
2. Your organize the stimuli
3. Your analyze the stimuli
4. You remember the stimuli
5. Your retrieve the memory of the stimuli
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: a prediction that comes true because you act as if it is true
Implicit personality theory: a system of rules that tells you which characteristics of a person go where. Follows a pattern. Smart, pretty, and (Witty/Boring) - Implicit makes you more likely to say Witty
Halo effect: Implicit personality theory - good things go with good people
Reverse Halo Effect: Implicit Personality Theory - bad things go with bad people
Perceptual accentuation: you see what you expect or want to see
Primary Recency: What comes first exerts the most influences. (i.e. can't decide and you pick the first choice)
Consistency: having balance among perceptions and attitudes
Attribution of control: Asking if someone was in control of their behavior
self serving bias: taking credit for positive things, denying the negative
overattribution: singling out 1-2 strong qualities in a person and attributing their whole personality to them
fundamental attribution error: when we assess someone's behavior based solely on who they are and not because of their current situation.
How to increase accuracy of impression formation: 1. Analyze Impressions
2. Check Perceptions
3. Reduce Uncertainty
4. Increase Cultural Sensitivity
Impression Management: processes you go through to communicate the impression you want others to have of you
Affinity-Seeking Strategies: techniques used to increase chances of people liking you

1. Be helpful
2. Be In-Control
3. Have Social Equality
4. Be Comfortable/Relaxed
Credibility Strategies: ways to establish your competence, character, and charisma
Self-handicapping Strategies: Tackling difficult tasks your concerned of failing at.

More extreme is setting up problems and solving them
Self-deprecating Strategies: confessing incompetence and inability to others to promote their help
Self-monitoring strategies: monitoring what you say and do
influencing strategies: establishing your knowledge, expertise and right to lead by virtue to influence others of your ways
confirming strategies: communicating to confirm your self image
Verbal Messages: messages sent with words
Gendered language and its effect: Many languages provide genders for different words/things and this effects their attitude towards them based on gender bias
Premodern objective reality: reality not defined by personal orientation
Modern Reality: Reality seen through cultural limitations
Postmodern reality: reality is all symbols and representations - can't see true reality
9 principles of verbal messages: 1. Messages are packaged
2. Meanings are in people
3. Meanings are denotative and connotative
4. Messages vary in abstraction
5. Messages vary in politeness
6. Messages can criticize/praise
7. messages vary in assertiveness
8. messages confirm/disconfirm
9. messages vary in cultural sensitivity
Bypassing: Mis-communication when the sender and receiver miss each others meanings
Denotation: a word's objective definition
connotation: a word's subjective or emotional meaning
assertiveness: self-confident and social power in how you communicate
assertiveness vs aggressiveness: assertive is being socially powerful without excess aggression or coercion
confirmation: acknowledging and accepting another person's presence
disconfirmation: ignoring someone
negative face: negative: desiring autonomy to do as we wish
positive face: wishing to be seen as positive and favorable by others
Politeness: Directness: Less polite
Politeness: Indirectness: more acceptable way to refuse things
Inclusion: including all people present in your message
Exclusion: not including certain present people in your message
Heterosexist: discrediting gay/lesbians - believing anything not heterosexual is wrong and evil
ageist: Disrespect towards older people
Allness: judging a whole group based on experience with part of the group
Intensional orientation: viewing things in terms of how they are labeled and talked about instead of how they actually are
Extensional language: judging things based on how they actually are
3 views of emotion: Commonsense view, James-Lange Theory, Cognitive Labeling Theory
Commonsense view of emotion: Event Occurs > You have emotion > You respond Physiologically
James-Lange Theory of emotion: Event occurs > You respond physiologically > You have emotion
Cognitive Labeling Theory: Event occurs > Your respond physiologically > Your interpret the event > You have emotion
3 elements of emotion: bodily reactions, mental evaluations, interpretations
Dyssemia: inability to engage in emotional communication
Adaptive emotions: help you adjust appropriately to situations
Maladaptive emotions: get in the way of accomplishing your goals
display rules: what is and isn't allowed in emotional communication
emotional contagion: emotions are contagious
emotional appeals: acting based on emotion
Plutchik's model of emotions: 8 Primary emotions: joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation
Plutchik's model of emotions: 8 secondary emotions: Optimism, Love, Submission, Awe, Disappointment, Remorse, Contempt, Aggressiveness
Theories of sex differences: Biological explination: Differences in men/women's brains and chemistry
Theories of sex differences: Evolutionary Theory: men/women came to rely on different emotions because they serve different functions
Theories of sex differences: Socialization theory: men/women taught differently about emotions
Owning feelings: taking responsibility for our feelings
I-Messages: Acknowledging your responsibility/feelings in "I sentences"
Expressing Anger: Ventilation: belief that expressing anger lets your vent out negative feelings and benefits your physical and mental well being
Expressing Anger: Darwin's view: Venting anger makes you more anger in the long run
Expressing Anger: SCREAM strategy: 1. Self
2. Context
3. Receiver
4. Effect
5. Aftermath
6. Messages
Guidelines for communicating anger: 1. Speak calm and logically
2. Examine word choices
3. Consider advantage of delaying the anger
4. Remember cultural rules
5. Apply good IPC skills
6. Consider irreversibility
SCREAM: self: how important is the matter to you?
SCREAM: Context: Is this an appropriate time/place for anger?
SCREAM: Receiver: Is the target person one you wish to receive anger?
SCREAM: Effect: What effect do you want to achieve with the anger?
Aftermath: What are likely long-term effects of getting angry?
SCREAM: Messages: What are appropriate messages in your anger?

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Created By wolfmight