Anat- Lower Limb Muscles
Terms
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- obturator internus: origin
- pelvic surface of ilium and ischium; obturator membrane
- obturator internus: insertion
- greater trochanter of femur
- obturator internus: innervation
- nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)
- obturator internus: action
- rotates thigh laterally; abducts thigh; assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum
- piriformis: origin
- pelvic surface of 2nd-4th sacral segments; superior margin of greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament
- piriformis: insertion
- greater trochanter of femur
- piriformis: innervation
- anterior rami of S1 and S2
- piriformis: action
- rotates thigh laterally; abducts thigh; assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum
- levator ani (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus): origin
- body of pubis, tendinous arch of levator ani, ischial spine
- levator ani (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus): insertion
- perineal body, coccyx, anococcygeal ligament, walls of prostate, vagina, rectum, anal canal
- levator ani (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus): innervation
- nerve to levator ani (branches of S4), inferior anal (rectal) nerve, coccygeal plexus
- levator ani (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus): action
- helps support pelvic viscera; resists increases in intra-abdominal pressure
- coccygeus (ischiococcygeus): origin
- ischial spine
- coccygeus (ischiococcygeus): innervation
- branches of S4 and S5 nerves
- coccygeus (ischiococcygeus): action
- forms small part of pelvic diaphragm that supports pelvic viscera; flexes coccyx
- gluteus maximus: origin
- Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx; and sacrotuberous ligament
- gluteus maximus: insertion
- Most fibers end in iliotibial tract, which inserts into lateral condyle of tibia; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity of femur
- gluteus maximus: innervation
- Inferior gluteal nerve (L5,S1,S2)
- gluteus maximus: action
- Extends thigh and assists in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position
- gluteus medius: origin
- External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
- gluteus medius: insertion
- Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
- gluteus medius: innervation
- Superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)
- gluteus medius: action
- Abducts and medially rotates thigh; keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is raised
- gluteus minimis: origin
- External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
- gluteus minimus: insertion
- Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
- gluteus minimus: innervation
- Superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)
- gluteus minimus: action
- Abduct and medially rotate thigh; keep pelvis level when opposite leg is raised
- Tensor fasciae latae: origin
- Anterior superior iliac spine; anterior part of iliac crest
- tensor fasciae latae: insertion
- Iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia (Gerdy tubercle)
- tensor fasciae latae: innervation
- Superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)
- tensor fasciae latae: action
- flexes thigh
- gemellus superior: origin
- ischial spine
- gemellus superior: insertion
- Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
- gemellus superior: innervation
- Same as obturator internus
- gemellus superior: action
- Laterally rotate extended thigh; abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
- gemellus inferior: origin
- Ischial tuberosity
- gemellus inferior: insertion
- Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
- gemellus inferior: innervation
- Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
- gemellus inferior: action
- Laterally rotate extended thigh; abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
- quadratus femoris: origin
- Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
- quadratus femoris: insertion
- Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
- quadratus femoris: innervation
- Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
- quadratus femoris: action
- Laterally rotates thigh; steadies femoral head in acetabulum
- gluteus maximus: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- gluteus minimus: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- gluteus medius: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- tensor fasciae latae: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- piriformis: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- obturator internus: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- gemellus superior: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- gemellus inferior: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- quadratus femoris: blood supply
- primarily the Superior and Inferior gluteal aa, vv; Internal pudendal a, v also contribute to the perineal (medial) sections of these muscles
- sartorius: origin
- Anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch inferior to it
- sartorius: insertion
- Superior part of medial surface of tibia
- sartorius: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3)
- sartorius: action
- Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg at knee joint
- rectus femoris: origin
- Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum
- rectus femoris: insertion
- Via common tendinous and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibail tuberosity; medial and lateral vasti also attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses
- rectus femoris: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- rectus femoris: action
- Extend leg at knee joint; steadies hip joint and help iliopsoas flex thigh
- vastus lateralis: origin
- Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
- vastus lateralis: insertion
- As for rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- vastus lateralis: action
- Extends leg at knee joint
- vastus medius: origin
- Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur
- vastus medius: insertion
- As for rectus femoris
- vastus medius: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- vastus medius: action
- Extends leg at knee joint, stabilizes patella
- vastus intermedius: origin
- Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
- vastus intermedius: insertion
- As for rectus femoris
- vastus intermedius: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- vastus intermedius: action
- Extends leg at knee joint
- psoas major: origin
- Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
- psoas major: insertion
- Lesser trochanter of femur
- iliacus: origin
- Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
- iliacus: insertion
- Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it
- psoas major: innervation
- Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1,L2,L3)
- iliacus: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3)
- psoas: action
- Acting conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilizing this joint; also a postural muscle that helps control deviation of the trunk and is active during standing
- iliacus: action
- Acting conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilizing this joint
- pectineus: origin
- Superior ramus of pubis
- pectineus: insertion
- Pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter
- pectineus: innervation
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3); may receive branch from obturator nerve
- pectineus: action
- Adducts and flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh
- sartorius: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- rectus femoris: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- vastus lateralis: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- vastus medius: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- vastus intermedius: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- psoas major: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- iliacus: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- pectineus: blood supply
- Femoral a, v
- obturator externus: origin
- Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
- obturator externus: insertion
- Trochanteric fossa of femur
- obturator externus: innervation
- Obturator nerve (L3,L4)
- obturator externus: action
- Laterally rotates thigh; steadies head of femur in acetabulum
- gracilis: origin
- Body and inferior ramus of pubis
- gracilis: insertion
- Superior part of medial surface of tibia
- gracilis: innervation
- Obturator nerve (L2,L3)
- gracilis: action
- Adducts thigh, flexes leg, and helps rotate it medially
- adductor longus: origin
- Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
- adductor longus: insertion
- Middle third of linea aspera of femur
- adductor longus: innervation
- Obturator nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- adductor longus: action
- Adducts thigh
- adductor brevis: origin
- Body and inferior ramus of pubis
- adductor brevis: insertion
- Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur
- adductor brevis: innervation
- Obturator nerve (L2,L3,L4,)
- adductor brevis: action
- Adducts thigh and to some extent flexes it
- adductor magnus (adductor part): origin
- inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
- adductor magnus (hamstring part): origin
- ischial tuberosity
- adductor magnus (adductor part): insertion
- gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
- adductor magnus (hamstring part): insertion
- adductor tubercle of femur
- adductor magnus (adductor part): innervation
- obturator nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- adductor magnus (hamstring part): innervation
- tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4)
- adductor magnus (adductor part): action
-
adducts thigh,
also flexes thigh
- adductor magnus (hamstring part): action
-
adducts thigh,
extends it
- obturator externus: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v; Obturator a,v
- gracilis: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v; Obturator a,v
- adductor longus: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v; Obturator a,v
- adductor brevis: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v; Obturator a,v
- adductor magnus: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v; Obturator a,v
- biceps femoris (long head): origin
- ischial tuberosity
- biceps femoris (short head): origin
- linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
- biceps femoris: insertion
- Lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee
- biceps femoris (long head): innervation
- tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)
- biceps femoris (short head): innervation
- common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
- biceps femoris: action
- Flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends thigh
- semitendinous: origin
- Ischial tuberosity
- semitendonous: insertion
- Medial surface of superior part of tibia
- semitendinosus: innervation
- Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)
- semitendinosus: action
- Extend thigh; flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, can extend trunk
- semimembranous: origin
- Ischial tuberosity
- semimembranous: insertion
- Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament
- semimembranous: innervation
- Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)
- semimembranous: action
- Extend thigh; flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, can extend trunk
- biceps femoris: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v
- semitendinosus: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v
- semimembranous: blood supply
- Profunda femoris a,v
- tibialis anterior: origin
- Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
- tibialis anterior: insertion
- Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
- tibialis anterior: innervation
- Deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)
- tibialis anterior: action
- Dorsiflexes ankle; inverts foot, supports longitudinal arch of foot
- extensor digitorum longus: origin
- Lateral condyle of tibia and superior three fourths of anterior surface of interosseous membrane
- extensor digitorum longus: insertion
- Middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
- extensor digitorum longus: innervation
- Deep fibular nerve (L5,S1)
- extensor digitorum longus: action
- Extends lateral four digits; dorsiflexes ankle
- fibularis tertius: origin
- Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
- fibularis tertius: insertion
- Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
- fibularis tertius: innervation
- Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
- fibularis tertius: action
- Dorsiflexes ankle; aids in eversion of foot
- extensor hallucis longus: origin
- Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
- extensor hallicus longus: insertion
- Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
- extensor hallucis longus: innervation
- Deep fibular nerve (L5,S1)
- extensor hallucis longus: action
- Extends great toe; dorsiflexes ankle
- tibialis anterior: blood supply
- Anterior tibial a, v
- extensor digitorum longus: blood supply
- Anterior tibial a, v
- fibularis tertius: blood supply
- Anterior tibial a, v
- extensor hallucis longus: blood supply
- Anterior tibial a, v
- fibularis longus: origin
- Head and superior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
- fibularis longus: insertion
- Runs through sole of foot to base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
- fibularis longus: innervation
- Superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)
- fibularis longus: action
- Evert foot and weakly plantarflex ankle, supports transverse arch of foot
- fibularis brevis: origin
- Inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
- fibularis brevis: insertion
- Dorsal surface of tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal
- fibularis brevis: innervation
- Superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)
- fibularis brevis: action
- Evert foot and weakly plantarflex ankle
- fibularis longus: blood supply
- Fibular a, v
- fibularis brevis: blood supply
- Fibular a, v
- gastrocnemius (lateral head): origin
- lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
- gastrocnemius (medial head): origin
- popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
- gastrocnemius: insertion
- Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
- gastrocnemius: innervation
- Tibial nerve (S1,S2)
- gastrocnemius: action
- Plantar-flexes ankle when knee is extended; raises heel during walking, and flexes leg at knee joint
- soleus: origin
- Posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and medial border of tibia
- soleus: insertion
- Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
- soleus: innervation
- Tibial nerve (S1,S2)
- soleus: action
- Plantar-flexes ankle; steadies leg on foot
- plantaris: origin
- Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
- plantaris: insertion
- Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
- plantaris: innervation
- Tibial nerve (S1,S2)
- plantaris: action
- Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle
- popliteus: origin
- Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
- popliteus: insertion
- Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
- popliteus: innervation
- Tibial nerve (L4,L5,S1)
- popliteus: action
- Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia, or medially rotating tibia of unplanted limb
- flexor hallucis longus: origin
- Inferior two thirds of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane
- flexor hallucis longus: insertion
- Base of distal phalanx of great toe
- flexor hallucis longus: innervation
- Tibial nerve (S2,S3)
- flexor hallucis longus: action
- Flexes great toe at all joints; weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
- flexor digitorum longus: origin
- Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula
- flexor digitorum longus: insertion
- Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
- flexor digitorum longus: innervation
- Tibial nerve (S2,S3)
- flexor digitorum longus: action
- Flexes lateral four digits; plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot
- tibialis posterior: origin
- interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula
- tibialis posterior: insertion
- Primarily to tuberosity of navicular; also to cuneiforms, cuboid and bases of 2nd -4th metatarsals
- tibialis posterior: innervation
- Tibial nerve (L4,L5)
- tibialis posterior: action
- Plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
- gastrocnemius: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- soleus: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- plantaris: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- popliteus: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- flexor hallucis longus: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- flexor digitorum longus: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- tibialis posterior: blood supply
- Posterior tibial a,v, Fibular a,v
- extensor hallucis brevis: origin
- Superior surface of cuboid bone
- extensor hallucis brevis: insertion
- Tendon of extensor hallicus longus and extensor expansion
- extensor hallucis brevis: innervation
- Deep fibular nerve
- extensor hallucis brevis: action
- Assists extensor hallicus longus in extension of great toe
- extensor digitorum brevis: origin
- Dorsal surface of calcaneus
- extensor digitorum brevis: innervation
- Deep fibular nerve
- extensor digitorum brevis: insertion
- Base of proximal phalanx
- extensor digitorum brevis: action
- Extension of toes, especially when foot is dorsiflexed
- extensor hallucis brevis: blood supply
- Dorsalis pedis artery
- extensor digitorum brevis: blood supply
- Dorsalis pedis artery
- flexor digitorum brevis: origin
- Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
- flexor digitorum brevis: insertion
- Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
- flexor digitorum brevis: innervation
- Medial plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- flexor digitorum brevis: action
- Flexes lateral four digits
- abductor hallucis: origin
- Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis
- abductor hallucis: insertion
- Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
- abductor hallucis: innervation
- Medial plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- abductor hallucis: action
- Abducts and flexes 1st digit (great toe)
- abductor digiti minimi: origin
- Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
- abductor digiti minimi: insertion
- Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
- abductor digiti minimi: innervation
- Lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- abductor digiti minimi: action
- Abducts and flexes 5th digit
- quadratus plantae: origin
- Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
- quadratus plantae: insertion
- Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus
- quadratus plantae: innervation
- Lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- quadratus plantae: action
- Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
- lumbricals: origin
- Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
- lumbricals: insertion
- Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
- lumbricals: innervation
- Medial and lateral plantar nerves (S2,S3)
- lumbricals: action
- Flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
- flexor hallucis brevis: origin
- Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
- flexor hallucis brevis: insertion
- Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
- flexor hallucis brevis: innervation
- Medial plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- flexor hallucis brevis: action
- Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
- adductor hallucis (oblique head): origin
- bases of metatarsals 2-4
- adductor hallucis (transverse head): origin
- plantar ligament of 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints
- adductor hallucis: insertion
- Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
- adductor hallucis: innervation
- Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- adductor hallucis: action
- Adducts 1st digit; assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot
- flexor digit minimi brevis: origin
- Base of 5th metatarsal
- flexor digit minimi brevis: insertion
- Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
- flexor digit minimi brevis: innervation
- Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- flexor digiti minimi brevis: action
- flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
- dorsal interossei: origin
- Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
- dorsal interossei (first): insertion
- medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
- dorsal interossei (2nd to 4th): insertion
- lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
- dorsal interossei: innervation
- Lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- dorsal interossei: action
- Abducts digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
- plantar interossei: origin
- Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
- plantar interossei: insertion
- Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
- plantar interossei: innervation
- Lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
- plantar interossei: action
- Adducts digits (3-5) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
- flexor digitorum brevis: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- abductor hallucis: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- abductor digiti minimi: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- quadratus plantae: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- lumbricals: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- flexor hallucis brevis: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- adductor hallucis: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- flexor digiti minimi brevis: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- dorsal interossei: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.
- plantar interossei: blood supply
- Medial plantar a., v., Lateral plantar a., v.