Anat- Intro
Terms
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- dorsum
- back of hand or foot
- bilateral
- having right and left members
- unilateral
- occur only on one side
- ipsilateral
- occuring on the same side of the body
- contralateral
- occurring on opposite sides of the body
- deep fascia
- dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat which extends into deeper structures
- investing fascia
- cover individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
- intermuscular septa
- parts of the deep fascia that divides muscles in groups or compartments
- subserous fascia
- deep fascia that lies between musculoskeletal walls and the serous membranes lining body cavities
- retinacula
- part of the deep fasica that holds tendons in place during joint movement
- flexion of elbow
- bending arm towards shoulder
- extension of elbow
- moving hand away from shoulder
- flexion of hand
- hand movement down
- extension of hand
- moving hand backwards
- flexion of knee
- bending at the knee
- straightening leg at the knee
- extension
- flexion of the torso
- bending forward from the waist
- extension of the torso
- leaning back from the waist
- flexion of the arm
- swinging the arm forward
- extension of the arm
- swinging the arm backward
- flexion of the leg
- swinging the leg forward
- extension of the leg
- swinging the leg backward
- flexion of the fingers
- curving the fingers
- extension of fingers
- straightening fingers
- flexion of thumb
- folding of the thumb towards the pinkie
- extension of the thumb
- moving thumb laterally away from the hand
- adduction of thumb
- moving thumb tight to fingers
- abduction of thumb
- moving thumb out and away from hand
- inversion of foot
- turing the dorsum of the foot laterally
- eversion of the foot
- turing the dorsum of the foot medially
- protrusion of the jaw
- pushing the jaw out
- retrusion of the jaw
- pulling the jaw back
- elevation of the shoulders
- lifting the shoulders up
- depression of the shoulders
- lowering the shoulders
- axial skeleton
- cranium, cervical vertebrae, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum
- appendicular skeleton
- bones in the limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles
- long bones
- tubular bones like the humerus
- short bones
- cuboidal bones in the ankles and wrists
- flat bones
- protective bones like the cranium
- irregular bones
- odd shaped bones like those in the face
- sesamoid bones
- bones that protect tendons from excessive wear, usually just the patella
- condyle
- rounded articular area
- periosteum
- fibrous connective tissue covering of bones
- perichondrium
- cartilage elements around the bone excluding the articular cartilage
- crest
- ridge of bone
- epicondyle
- eminence superior to a condyle (ex. epicondyles on the humerus)
- facet
- smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
- foramen
- passage through a bone
- fossa
- hollow or depressed area
- line
- linear elevation on a bone
- malleolus
- rounded prominence on a bone
- notch
- indentation at the edge of a bone
- process
- projecting spine-like part of a bone
- protuberance
- projection of bone
- spine
- thorn-like process on a bone
- trochanter
- large blunt elevation on a bone
- tubercle
- small raised eminence on a bone
- tuberosity
- large rounded elevation on a bone
- mesenchyme
- embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to bones
- intramembranous ossification
- mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period, and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period
- endochondral ossification
- cartilage models of bones form from mesenchyme during the fetal period, and boe subsequently replaces most of the cartilage
- diaphysis
- bone shaft
- epiphyses
- ends of the bone
- metaphysis
- flared part of the diaphysis nearest the epiphyses
- epiphysial plates
- cartilaginous growth plates,when growth ends and the plate disappears, the epiphyses and diaphysis fuse to form an epipysial line
- nutrient arteries
- arteries that arise outside the periosteum, pass into the shaft of long bones via the nutrient foramina, and split in the medullary cavity into longitudinal bronches supplying the interior of the bone
- periosteal arteries
- arteries in the periosteum that supply most compact bone, so if periosteum is removed, the bone dies
- metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
- supply the ends of bones; vessels come mainly from the arteries that supply the joints
- veins that reach the interior of the bone go through what?
- nutrient foramina
- What are the three kinds of joints?
- fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
- fibrous joints
- articulating bones are joined by fibrous tissue, causing a partially movable joint
- syndesmosis
- a type of fibrous joint where bones are united with a sheet of fibrous tissue
- gomphosis
- a type of fibrous joint where teeth are held in place by a peg-like fibrous process which also sends proprioceptive information
- cartilaginous joints
- articulating joints that are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
- cartilaginous joints united by hyaline cartilage which permits growth of the length of the bone and allows slight bending during early life
- secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses)
- strong, slightly movable cartilaginous joints united by fibrocartilage
- synovial joints
- joints that have articular cavities with small amounts of synovial fluid
- What is an example of a fibrous joint?
- sutures of the cranium
- What is an example of a syndesmosis joint?
- the interosseous membrane joining the radius and ulna
- How many different types of synovial joints are there?
- six
- How do joints receive blood?
- articular arteries which arise from vessels around the joint
- hinge joint
- permit flexion and extension only
- pivot joint
- allow rotation; a round process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket
- saddle joint
- shaped like a saddle, they are concave and convex where the bones articulate
- condyloid joints
- permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction
- plane joints
- permit gliding or sliding movements
- ball and socket joints
- permit movement in several axes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation; a rounded head fits into a concavity
- pennate muscles
- muscles that are feather-like in the arrangement of their fasicles (fiber bundles): unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate (L. pennatus, feather)
- fusiform muscles
- spindle shaped muscles
- parallel muscles
- the fascicles (fiber branches) lie parallel to the long axis of the muscle; flat muscles with parallel fibers often have aponeuroses
- convergent muscles
- muscles that have a broad attachment from which the fascicles converge to a single tendon
- circular muscles
- muscle that surrounds a body opening or orifice constricting it when contracted
- reflexive contraction
- automatic and involuntary contraction of the muscle
- phasic contraction
- contraction of the muscles in which work is done
- isometric contractions
- a type of phasic contraction in which muscle length remains the same, but muscle tension is increased above normal levels
- isotonic contraction
- a type of phasic contraction in which muscle length changes to produce movement
- concentric contraction
- a form of isotonic contraction in which movement occurs owing to muscle shortening
- eccentric contraction
- a type of isotonic contraction in which the contracting muscle lengthens
- muscle fiber
- the structural unit of muscle, a multinucleated cell
- endomysium
- connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers
- perimysium
- connective tissue covering a muscle fiber bundle
- epimysium
- connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle
- motor unit
- the functional unit of a muscle consisting of both the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
- prime mover or agonist
- main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body
- fixators
- muscles that steady the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occuring in distal parts
- synergist
- muscles that compliment the actions of prime movers ex. by preventing movement of teh intervening joint when a prime mover passes over more than one joint
- antagonist
- muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover; as a prime mover contracts, the antagonist progressively relaxes, producing a smooth movement
- What is an example of a circular muscle?
- orbicularis oculi
- What is an example of a multipennate muscle?
- deltoid
- What is an example of a convergent muscle?
- pectoralis major
- What is an example of a quadrate muscle?
- rectus abdominis
- What is an example of a parallel muscle?
- sartorius
- What is an example of a unipennate?
- extensor digitorum longus
- What is an example of a bipennate muscle?
- rectus femoris
- What is an example of a flat muscle with aponeurosis?
- external oblique
- What is an example of a fusiform muscle?
- biceps brachii
- What are the three layers of tissue in veins and arteries?
- tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
- What are the three types of arteries?
- large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, small arteries and arterioles
- large elastic arteries
- these arteries have multiple elastic layers in their walls ex. aorta
- medium muscular arteries
- distributing arteries, walls consist mainly of smooth muscle circularly arranged ex. femoral artery
- small arteries and arterioles
- narrow mina and thick muscular walls; arterial pressure is controlled by the smooth muscle
- arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunts)
- direct connections between small arteries and veins proximal to the capillary beds they supply and drain; they permit blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation without passing through capillaries
- lymphatic plexuses
- networks of small lymphatic vessels, lymphatic capillaries, that originate in the extacellular spaces of most tissues
- lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
- a nearly bodywide network of thin-walled vessels with abundant valves, originating from lymphatic plexuses along which lymph nodes are located
- lymph nodes
- small masses of lymphatic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system
- lymphocytes
- circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials
- lymphoid tissue
- sites that produce lymphocytes
- thoracic duct
- drains lymph from the remainder of the body; this duct begins in the abdomen as a sac, the chyle cistern, and ascends through the thorax and enters the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins, called the left venous angle
- tract
- a bundle of nerve fibers connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS
- What are the three layers of the meninges?
- pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater
- What are the three connective tissue coverings of peripheral nerves?
- endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
- endoneurium
- a delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds the neurolemma cells and axons
- perineurium
- a layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fascicle of peripheral nerve fibers, providing an effective barrier against penetration of the nerve fibers by foreign substances
- epineurium
- a thick connective tissue sheath that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fasicles, forming the outermost covering of the nerve; it includes fatty tissues, blood vessels, and lymphatics
- dermatome
- unilateral area of skin innervated by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
- posterior rami
- branches of spinal nerves, supply nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overlying skin
- anterior rami
- branches of spinal nerves, supply nerve fibers to the much larger remaining area, consisting of anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs arising from them