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Phonetics/Phonology: The study of language as sound in human speech or natural languages
Acoustic Phonetics: The production of sound
Auditory Phonetics: The Reception of Sound
Syntax: Language as arrangement and relationship among parts of speech (nouns, noun phrases, verbs etc)
Semantics: Language as meaning
Referent: The material and observable thing itself
Symbol: Things which stand for other things, including words
Denotative Meaning: The basic, core concept conveyed by a symbol
Connotative Meaning: meanings which fluctuate, based upon attitudes and the individual
Stylistic Meaning: A register, ex: a register (or tone) of formality
Affective Meaning: When meaning is overwhelmingly emotional or affect based
Pragmatics: When meaning is driven by context (speaker intent, relationship)
structural ambiguity: when the meaning of a sentence is unclear because words or phrases could be either nouns or verbs
Lexical Ambiguity: a lack of clarity in a single word
Syntactic Ambiguity: lack of clarity in a phrase
Semantic Ambiguity: primarily concerns referent and symbol
Semantic Vagueness: Unclear what precisely a word is referring too ex: i would love to go to that (what is that?)
Single Symbol and multiple referent: one word applies to two things
single referent and multiple symbols: one thing has two words
pragmatic ambiguity: can be structural or semantic - arises because of context specific details
Rhetoric: One person addressing many... it is a demonstration of truth, it asks practical question and is based on probability
Dialectic: one on one discussion it is a search for truth, it focuses on the broad philosophical questions and it looks for certainty
Ethos: Proof of ethics (credibility)
Pathos: Proof of emotion
Logos: Proof of Logic
Figurative vs. Literal Language: Figurative is non-literal speech, it is expression departing from straight forward description (similes and metaphors)
Simile: explicit comparison between 2 dissimilar things (as ____ as)
Metaphor: implicit comparison between 2 dissimilar things
Extended Metaphor: 2 or more source terms from different source discourse
Mixed Metaphor: 2 or more source terms from different source discourse
Active Metaphor: recognizable as figurative in nature
Dead metaphor: not recognized as figurative - seems literal
Allegory: entire story serves as metaphor
Hyperbole: an intentional exaggeration
Meiosis: intentional understatement in meaning or degree
Litotes: affirming something by negating its opposite
Metonymy: replacement of one thing by something related (part-for-whole, whole-for-part, controller-for-controlled)
How does burke perceive life?: Language is a strategic human response to a specific situation
Burkes belief about persuasion?: Persuasion is the speakers ability to identify with an audience
identification: the common ground that exists between speaker and audience... The greater the substance the greater the identification
General Effect of media violence: Heavy viewers develop exaggerated sense of things, the "mean world syndrome" violence we see on the screen cultivates paranoia
Heavy Viewers: 1/4 the population they watch 4 or more hours of TV per day and they have a skewed perception of reality
Light Viewers: 1/4 the population, they watch less than 2 hours of TV per day
4 cultivated attitudes: Chance of involvement with violence, fear of walking alone at night, perceived activity o police, general mistrust of people
Levels of violence for different sectors of society: african americans, hispanics, women, aged and children are both under-represented and over-threatened, relative to realities of life.
What is important to us?: "We judge as important, that which the media judges important"
Media agendas: The media elites set the agenda and politicians set the agenda by raising topics and framing
Framing: The media tells us what to think about certain issues. The Paradox is that it is inevitable
Spiral of Silence: The increasing pressure people feel to conceal their views when they think they are in the minority
What drives our willingness to conform?: fear of isolation
Hegemonic Encoding: The unseen bias and one-sidedness involved in meaning making wheere powerful interests decide how things are defined
Acquiescence: The failure or unwillingess to realize the biased nature of hegemonic encoding, and thus the tendency not to question
ideology: "those images, concepts and premises which provide the framework through which we represent, interpret, understand and make sense of social existence
minimal justification: There is a lack of obvious or adequate justification, there is aneed to create justification
Dissonance: distressing mental state, doing things that don't fit what you know
Selective Exposure: It prevents dissonance from occurring. We selectively attend to information
Power: forces that determine the capactiy some person has to practice control over some other person
Control: The actual behavioral practices some person practices over some other person
One up: movement to gain control of the exchange... answers with substance, instructions, orders, topic changes
one down: yield control of the conversation... support responses, questions which seek supportive answers, non complete phrases
one across: neutral control
social scientific: culture is something we have and we can discover universal laws concerning the development and management of culture
interpretive (understanding): culture is about deep (espoused and assumed) meaning. Culture exists because it means something to us.
crictal (critique and praxis): culture is illusory. Powerful people control systems of ideas especially through the media.
Culture is...Socially constructed: way of life developed and shared by a group of people
Culture is... Learned: through our interactions with others
Culture is... articulated: we do not practice our entire identity at all times we exchange identities at the appropriate time
Culture is... material: developed through and within certain artifacts (those that we deem significant)
Culture is... symbolic: we affiliate certain symbols with culture(assigned and agreed upon meaning)
norms: cultural principles or established rules of what is accepted and appropriate behavior
CAT - Communication Accommodation Theory: Two people from different cultural groups will change the way that they communicate in order to create a better understanding and approval
convergence: becoming more similar to the other person adopting thier style of communicating
divergence: accentuating the differences between yourself and another person
maintenance (underaccomodation): persisting with your original communication style
Psychological Approach: strategic self-presentation is the way the inner or provate self strategically manifests and is monitored in external behavior
Pragmatic Approach: we perform and talk ourselves (even unintentionally) into identities
Supportive Face: The need of every member of society to be desirable to others and be favorably regarded by them
Protective Face: Our need for freedom of action - not to be interfered with
Face: The public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself and is unobservable
Facework: the actions that people take in creating, maintaining and fixing face. directly observable
Elements of a Group: groups have a perception of common goals, perception of shared norms, structured interaction, interdependence
group think: manner of decision making/problem solving where dissent/difference is suppressed to save group cohesion
Linear Phases: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing
Forming: High Ambiguity, Low Conflict. People are still getting to know each other
Storming: Low Ambiguity and high conflict. Development of coalitions and their is dissent
Norming: Either high or low ambiguity and low conflict. Final decision is underway
performing: low ambiguity and low conflict. There is a consistent expression of ideas
functions of communication (hirokawa and gouran): Analysis of the problem, goal setting, identification of alternatives, evaluation of positive and negative characteristics
Analysis of the Problem: Examine current conditions, assessment of nature, extent and probable cause of the problem
Goal Setting: Key dimension of success, establish criteria to evaluate alternatives and decide if what we are seeking and how we are seeking it makes sense
Identification of alternatives: engaging creativity and seeing what are all the possibilities
Evaluation of Positive and negative characteristics: Positive and negative bias
positive bias: accentuating the positive aspects and overlook the negative
negative bias: accentuating negative aspects and overlooking the positive
Prioritizing the Functions: must accomplish all 4 functions for high quality decision, no function is more central that the others and the function priority depends on the context
Structure: The rules and resources
Agency: the ability to choose and choose differently
Rules: a formula of how action should be structured
resources: properties of social systems, drawn upon and reproduced by knowledgeable agents in the course of interaction
how do rules and resources change within a group: if the structure changes it is because the group has done something to change it
Classic Organization: Like a machine
Human Relations Organization: Human Pyschology/family
Human Resources: Employees as Resources/Teams. (human needs)
System Organization: biology
Main goal of critical approach: increase production
Hierarchy: strict and rigid upward/downward ordering of tasks and commands
how does weick view organizing: as a way to reduce uncertainty
Enactment: the active bracketing of some information, increased equivocality, need to reduce uncertainty
selection: retrospective sensemaking what enacted information means
retention: the way behaviors and ideas "hang with us". rules are retained in memory for future
rules and cycles: cycles help us develop rules
how do we use ethnography to study culture in organizations: ⬢ Seeks to discover who people think they are, what they think they are doing, and to what end they think they are doing it.
What is a cultural approach is interested in?: The aim of most symbolic analysis is to create a better understanding of what it takes to function effectively within a given culture; begins with a sense of bewilderment

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Number of cards 113

Created By dudeofthedayno1