Bio IB35
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Pliny
-
1st century C.E.
Rome
Naturilis Historia - Herodtus
-
5th cent B.C.E
Greek
national identity, us-them
"father of history"
Histories
Stores, travel - France 1700s
-
Human variation invetigated
culutral/biological
start of race concept - 3 Reasons Race Important to pre1900 USA
-
Immigration
Slaves
Landowner ship/claim over natives - Naturalization Acts
-
1790,95,98
1st: citizenship for whites
who is white? eg, Italians - Armchair/Speculative Period
-
1492-1840
Non-scientific, hypotheical - Moundbuilders possibilies
-
Lost Israel tribe
Atlantians
Asians
Hindoos
Humans? - Thomas Gage
-
1648
scientific
N.Americans look like Asians - Possibilites for why Natives can't make mounds
-
Metals
Too primative for sophiscated building on this scale
Mounds dated too old
Natives forget who made
Tablets w/writing - Caleb Atwater
-
1820
Hindoos for Moundbuilders - Thomas Jefferson
-
1820's (?)
scientific excavations
Strata
not just treasure hunting - James Smithson
-
.5Million $ for smithosonian
- diffusion of knowledge
British
1826 donated - Epraim Squire/Edward Davis
-
1848 Publication, first for Smithsonian
Detailed systematic study
Moundbuilders
slightly speclative - Cyrus Thomas
-
1882-1894
Beureau of Ethonlogy
Native Amer.
2000 sites studied
Indians could build
Mounds young enough
Smallpox kill~75% ppl forget about culural heriatage - Monogenism
-
single source/Adam/Eve
variation form climtate, and degenratism - Polygenism
-
multiple starting points
many adam.eve
unequal and distnict races
Hybirds=bad
American School - Degneratism
-
Like Monogeism
Bibical
Falling of man - Samuel Morton
-
1839
Carnia Americana
empiricst, much data published
1000s of skulls
brain size=intelligence
Cacausisan-Mongol-American-Ethopian
Inconsitant caution
inconsistant sex distrution
used Peruvians(small) for N.Americans
Excluded small Hindoos, for Cacusain
~75% of Ethopians=women
After adustments for fairness, little difference
Monographs
Skewed picres, F.Horizontal - Louis Agaissiz
-
Hardvard, Comparitive Zoology, Fish
any variation=sepreate sp.
-polygeny
creationist
charasimatic, $
geographic correltion to race
no data, studied fish - Phrenology
-
Franz Gall(1758-1878)
Phrenos=mind, Greek
roots of craniomety, anthroptometry
19th, popular - Paul Broca
-
Broca's area for langauage
Broca' Aphaisa, trouble w/syntax
Ranking
-Cranial Index
-Women - Cranial Index
-
Broca
Doliocephalc, ratio <.75
Brochephilic ratio >.8
Dolio-elongated, Euro large frontal lobe=smarts
-African, elongated back, animalsistic - Broca's female Brain
-
Women=less intelligent
proxy for inferirs
easy to study, at home - Franz Boas
-
Hevy sampling
CI varies within population, ontogeny
Immigrant with CI diff from kids
-enviro
AMerican arhopology - Ceaser Lombroso
-
Criminality
Facial features - Gemmules
-
Darwins's theory fo inheritence
Galton (cousin) disproves- rabbits
Darwing protests, maybe not in blood
1800s - Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
-
Aquried Chararestics
ontongeny recapilutes phylongeny
philosphical
eg, giraffes
late1700s-early 1800s - August Weisman
-
Test aquaried characteristics
mice tails
somatic vs. gamete
gamete for inheriitence, changes in somatic=nothing - Gregor Mendel
-
Pea plants
Principle of Segergation
-genes in pairs, get one from each parent
Principle of Independant Assortment
-independant traits - Eugenics
-
Galton
Positive-Breed up the good
Negative-Keep bad from breeding
Historametry
-Promeninant ppl. grouped in family
Twin studies, genes importnant
Galton's tatisitics, fingerprints - Heritability
-
Variation of pop. ttributable to genes
h^2= G^2/P^2, P^2=G^2 + E^2 - Social Darwinism
-
Herbert Spencer
Survival of the fittest - Thomas Malthus
-
1800s
Economic, food linear,pop exponetial
social dawinism roots - American Eugeneics
-
Negative
1710, unfitdefined by genes
1927, Buck vs. Bell - Buck v. Bell
-
1927
Sterlized "retarded" woman, and sis - Vesetcomy, Tubual Ligation
- Cut gemete tubes to sterlize
- David Starr Jordan
-
1800s
dysgeneics- negative eugenics
American Breeder Assoc.-- A.Genetics.A
Comitte on Eugenics
ERO- Euge Record Office - Height of American eugencis
- 1910-1940
- Harry Laughlin
-
1900s
Immigation Act
Superintendent of ERO
Admit slaves disadvantaged due to conditions not genes
Pioneer Fund - Immigration Acts
-
1921
1924
H. Laughlin
Limit Poland, Italy, Russia immigrants - End of US Eugenics
-
WWII- unpopular- racist,Nazi
Herman Muller-fruitfly 1900s
Mutations
behavior as complex trait
recessive alleles persistance - J. Rushton, Arthur Jensen
-
Rushton, pres of Pinoeer fund
modern
IQ by race
-persistant, 80% heritable
-misuse of terms - Pioneer fund
-
study racial diff
eugenucs
dontaes $ - William Dickens, James Flynn
-
can't trace IQ gap between whies/blacks to origin
blacks are getting smarter faster - 214 Genes influencing nervous sys
-
evolve in primates ~30% faster than other mammmals
50% for devoplement of nervesys (polygenic)
matience/physiology, same rate - microcephaly
-
nervous genes mutate
small head, -2stddev at birth
~2% newborns
High functioning- walk in 2yrs, some speech
Low fucntiong- die early
severity of effect, clues to elutionary plasticity of gene - Walker's Races
-
Negroid
Cacusoid
Mongoloid
Australoid
...Khoisonic - Systema Naturia Races
-
1758
Linneus
Americanus
Europus
Asiaticus
Afer
Monstrous
Ferus - Johann Blumbach
-
coined "cacusiod"
whites as ancesteral condition
orginate/purest, Gerogia (Balkans, Caucuses) - Carleton Coon
-
Racail Adaptations 1982
races w/georaphic regions
pure center, mixed edges - Sub species, Race
- geographically,ecologically, morphologically defined arbitra divison of sp.
- Bioogical Sp. Concept
-
Ernst Mayer
Reproductive isolation - Allopatric speciation
-
vicarance event
geogrpahic seperation of pop - Polytypic
- has subsp.eg chimps
- Ethncitiy
- culture, customs, language, regional affiliation
- Three Brothers
- 3 children defined as different races from same parents
- One Drop
- any minority heritage, you are the minotrity
- Hetero/Homogametic
-
XX-fem(homo)
XY-male(hetero)
Animals can be other way around - X inactivation
-
inactivated X-barr body
only one X can be expressed
diff cell line can express diff X (fem have twoX)
eg, CC the clonecat- genotypical identical, phenotypical diff - X chrosoome
-
1098 genes
4% all human genes
10% genetic disorders
-male always gets disorder (oneX)
Psudoautosomal region, recombine on X, Y at tips - Evolionary history of XY
-
300mya from autosomal to sex
major characters evolve beofre primate radiation-150mya - Y Chromosome
-
54 genes homolagous w/Y
6 times smaller than X
15 unique genes
-male specific
decay in nonrecombing parts- lose genes- small - XY Recombination
-
competition
sex specific
Y shrinks, become male specific
Y fully male
X 2/3 female - Chimps w/fewer Y genes
-
sperm competiton
Polyandry-selective enviro
losses outwieghed by sperm gains
Humans have pair boding, harems - SRY Gene
-
determines maleness
Y chrom
triggers male in female embryos
little sex recombination to protect vital SRY
DAX- female, SRY overirdes
-can only override one, mutationw/ 2 DAX=XY female - MAternal Fetl conflict
-
Ychromsome-parasite
father wants max invest, mother min - Homosexulaity
-
gay bro, 4x likely for sibling also
monogenetic(ID) tiwns 50% cocordant for orientation, 20% faternal(dizygotic)
Dean Hamer
-1993, linkage at top of X(75%) gay men
H-Y, multi mothers accumalte antigens that inhibit, HY helps devopl male brain, later child=more likely for homo
2005 Mustanski, chrom7 linkage
mtDNA, ~female specific, lower mitochondir count, lower sperm, less fetile, gay?
Animals exhibit homo behavior - Pheremones
-
Savic 2005
Vomernasal organ (jacobson)
-not rigged up in humans
AND(male sweat, testosternoe)
-trigger reaction in fem, gay
EST(fem urine, estrogen)
-trigger reaction in male,gay
singals in hypthanlus/olfactory - Hypothalamus
-
visceral
automatic
emotion
unger, thirst
temp
sleep, wake
hormones - Why homosexuals around?
-
2-6% homosexaul men
reproductive adv of heterozygote
-fem like sensitive
altrism, kin's offrspring get resources
X might have some fem help, male bad genes - Edward Wilson
-
Sociobiology
1975
unity of fields
genetic predispostions - Standard Social Sci Model
-
no genetic influence
tabua rosa - David Reimer
-
Mutalites penis
try to grow up as girl
fails, discontent
gentic influence - Genetic imprinting
-
genes "know" from dad/mom
Angelman/Prader-Willi
Turner's - Angelman/Prader-Willi
-
Chrom15 deletion/absence
if have dad's angel
-language, puppet, laughter, retardation
if have mom's prader
-obsity, eating, weak, retard - Turner's
-
monosomy, single X
pheno female, short, not sexually mature
genetic imprint
14%-dad
40%-mom
social inept, retardation
XX only 2% - Genes able to inlfuence specific behaviors
-
flies-fem +1 male gene--lesbian
mice, stathim control fear
-shock palte,open box
-in imigulda
Sexaul orientation, langge, visual spaial skill, politcs? - Evolutionary psych
-
EEA: enviro evo adaptdeness
the adapted mind
John tooky, Leada Cosmides - God gene
-
controversial, not peer reviewd
VMAT2