Old Zoology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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Science:
Guided by _______
Explained by reference to Natural Law.
Testable against the ______
Conclusions are ___ and ___- -
Natural Law
Obersvable World
Tenative; falsifiable - Macromolcules in organisms are more complex than those in nonliving matter
- Chemical Uniquness
- Macromolecules-- cells-- organisms--species-population
- Complexity and Hierarchial Organization
- Basic units of living system
- Cells
- Molecule of inheritance; contains instructions for all inheritable traits
- DNA
- all of the biochemical reactions occuring in the cells; organisms use energy to stockpile, teardown, build, and eliminate materials to promote their survival and repro
- Metabolism
- Characteristic changes an organism from origin to adult
- Development
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Living things respond to stimuli in the enviornment(irritability)
Organisms depend directly or indirectly on 1 another for materials and energy - Environmental Interaction
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Charact of Animals:
DNA located in nucleus are ____.
Multicellular
Not capable of making their own food______
Cells not bound by cell walls -
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs - general approach used by scientists to gather info
- Scientific Method
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O
S
H
P
E
D
C
T -
OBSERVATION
LITERATURE SEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
PREDICTION
EXPERIMENT
DATA
CONCLUSION
THEORY FORMATION - observe some aspect of the natural world; identify a question or problem
- Observation
- testable claim arising from scientific theoris, possible answers, testable, based on other observations
- Hypothesis
- state what one should abserve about the ? if the hypothesis is valid
- Prediction
- Devise an experiment to test your hypothesis; Controlled experiment: Experiment group-> subjected to a given treatment; Control group-> untreated group
- experimentation
- Preferred datat type: mathematical(unbiased)
- Data
- a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a theory if it is not rejected with repeated testing over time
- theory formation
- A system of ideas and concepts assembled to order and make sense out of data or observations
- theory
- powerful theories that guide extensive research
- paradigms
- replacement of paradigms
- scientific revolution
- 112 elements; 92 occur in nature
- .
- Carbon 18.5%; Oxygen 65; Hydrogen 9.5; Nitrogen 3.3; phosphorus 1
- most organic molecules are built on these 6 elements
- anything that takes up space and has a mass
- matter
- electrically neutral
- atoms
- atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
- Isotopes
- transfer of 1 or more electrons from 1 atom to another; ions are formed; ions of opp. charge are attracted to each other
- Ionic Bonds
- electrons are shared between atoms
- Covalent bonds (strong)
- Electrons are shared equally; no partial charges result
- Nonpolar CB
- Eletrons are not shared equally; partial charges form
- polar CB
- Result from unequal charge distribution within molecules; weak bond; bond between H atom and another molecule already involved in a polar covalent bond
- Hydrogen Bond
- Molecules that dissociated in solution to produce a hydrogen ion.
- Acid
- Molecule that dissociates in solution to produce an hydroxyl ion
- Base
- Product of the reaction between an acid and base
- salt
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PH below 7
=7
above 7 -
acid
neutral
base - any substance that tends to keep pH levels constant when acids or bases are added; can bind to or realease H or OH
- buffer
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__ of total water on earth in crust
___ actually free
___ in ocean
___ fresh water
___ polar ice
___ drinking water -
95
5
97
3
75
1 - Produced by autotrophs photosyn.; contain C H and O usually in ration 1C: 2H: 1O
- Carbohydrates
- Simple sugars with a C backbone of 3-7 C atoms
- Monosaccharides
- Hexose (6C) sugars
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Glucose
Galactose
Fructose - Pentose (5C) Sugars
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Ribose
Deoxyribose - 2 monosac bonded
- Disacch.
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Maltose(malt sugar)
Sucrose(table sugar)
Lactose(milk sugar) -
Glucose+glucose
Glucose+Fructose
Glucose+Galactose - Chains of monosacc(polymers)
- Polysaccharides
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polymer of glucose
Stored in liver and muscle cells - Glycogen
- Primary storage form of glucose in plants; branced; most abundant organic material on earth
- Cellulose