Semester 2 History Vocab
Terms
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- Homer
- A blind poet who lived around 750 BCE. He is credited for writing two influencial epic poems: The Iliad, and The Odyssey.
- Octavian
- Caesar's grandnephew who succeeded him. He took the title Augustus which means "Exalted One." Under him, the Roman republic ended.
- Veto
- Rejection of a law
- Great Schism
- Due to the Avignon Papacy, reformers elected a new pope in 1378. The French cardinals responded by electing their own pope, which caused the church to split.
- Adam Smith
- Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)
- John Calvin
- (1509-1564) The founder of Calvanism. He also began the reform in Geneva
- Minoans
- The ancient civilization that lived in Crete. It was unearthed by a British archaeologist who named them in honor of Minos, a king of Crete. It reached its hight between 1600 and 1500 BCE and vanished around 1400 BCE.
- Herodotus
- Lived from 484 BC to 425 BCE. He is known as the "Father of History."
- Presbyterians
- A group of people who follow modified Calvanist beliefs
- The Laws of the Twelve Tables
- Made it possible for Plebians to appeal a ruling by a Patrician judge
- Scientific Method
- A research method whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis stated, and hypothesis is tested
- Acropolis
- The high city in a city state. This often contained marble temples to honor the gods.
- Mycenae
- Cerca 100 BCE-1400BCE An Indo-European sea traders conquered the Minoans.
- Philosophes
- Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society
- Pericles
- A leader of Athens during the city's Golden Age
- Voltaire
- Philosopher that defended the freedom of thought.
- Gothic Style
- A type of European achitecture that is known for it's flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, high roofs, and use of stained glass
- Indulgences
- A pardon from punishment still due for a sin (Catholic church)
- Deism
- the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation
- (Johan) Gutenberg
- The inventor of the printing press. He printed the first Bible using a movable block
- Imperator
- A ruler who has the same authority as an emperor
- Monasticism
- The way of life practiced by nuns and monks
- Oligarchy
- The system of government where a small goup of the wealthy and elite have the power.
- Investiture Controversy
- The contraversy between Pope Gregory VII's belief that only the clergy had the right to appoint bishops.
- Socrates
- A Greek philosipher who believed he knew nothing, but the fact that he knew nothing. He questioned everything, and was tried, and put to death by poisen. Most of what we know about him comes from the writings of him most famous student, Plato.
- Ephors
- Elected officials who handled daily affairs.
- The Hellenistic Age
- the era after the reign of Alexander the Great, where Greek culture spread.
- Carthage
- A city-state along the northern coast of Africa. It is located in present-day Tunisia
- Pax Romana
- "Roman Peace" The 200 year time between Octavian's reign and the death of Marcus Aurelius.
- Common Law
- A legal system based on court rulings and custom
- Diocletian
- The Ruler who divided Rome into two sections. He fixed prices to avoid inflation, and forces farmers to remain on their land in order to ensure the production of food and goods.
- Dorian Invasions
- Cerca 1100 BCE-900 BCE: The invasions of the Dorian civilization into Mycenaean territory. Once the Mycenaean nation ended, the Greek culture took a step back; skills, such as writing, were forgotten.
- Vikings
- The poeple of Scandinavia who raided Europe from 700's to the 1100's
- Charles V
- The king of Frace who summoned Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms and eventually outlawed him
- Magyars
- The ethnic group located in Hungary
- Estates-General
- In France, a legislative group of three representatives from differenet estates
- Benedict of Nursia
- Started the Monte Cassino monastery located in Italy
- Constantine
- The emperor who brought Christianity to Rome. He also re-located Rome's capital to Constantinople, the city that was once named Byzantium.
- Sparta
- A city state located in the sothern part of Peloponnesus. Established by the Dorians, it became one of the most influencial city states that is still known for it's military.
- Jan van Eyck
- A Flemish painter who used color to depict peasant life. He also painted religious works.
- Polis
- A city-state of ancient Greece
- Guild
- An association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests
- Canon Law
- The law of the church
- Constantine
- The emperor who brought Christianity to Rome. He also re-located Rome's capital to Constantinople, the city that was once named Byzantium.
- Peace of Augsburg
- The document signed by princes in Europe stating that each prince had the right to choose the religion of the region he ruled.
- Democracy
- A form of government by the people.
- Pax Romana
- "Roman Peace" The 200 year time between Octavian's reign and the death of Marcus Aurelius.
- Black Death
- An epidemic of the bubonic plague throughout the 1300's
- Struggle for the Orders
- The Plebian's struggle with the Patricians for political equality
- Priesthood of all believers
- A doctorine that states all baptised followers of Christ are preists in the eyes of God.
- Enlightened Despot
- A ruler who used their power to create social and political change.
- Raphael
- (1483- April 6th, 1520) An Italian painter known for his series of Madonna paintings, as well as the "School of Athens"
- Hoplite
- A heavily-armed foot soldier
- Punic Wars
- The three wars Rome fought against Carthage between 264 BCE and 146 BCE
- Dictator
- A governmet leader who gains power by force and has all power
- Imperator
- A ruler who has the same authority as an emperor
- Reconquista
- The campaign of Christians in Northern Europe to drive Muslims from the Iberia Peninsula in Spain
- Leonardo da Vinci
- (1452-1519) An Italian painter, sculpter, scientist, mathmatician, archiect, musician, and engineer of the Renaissance who is famous for works such as " The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa."
- Puritans
- A goup of English Christians who followed strict rules of life. Pleasures are seen as sinful, and life is lived simply
- Jesuits
- Members of a group of the Roman Catholic Church started on August 15, 1534, by Ignatius of Loyola. It is the largest male group of the Church
- Martin Luther
- A German monk who spoke against the church's abuse. He wrote the 95 Theses, a list of arguments against the Catolic church. They were posted on Octobe 31st, 1517.
- Latifundia
- Large estates that were home to wealthy Romans
- Humanism
- A philosophy that focuses on educaton and the study of classical literature in order to understand human nature rather than religion.
- Plato
- Socrates' most famous student. He wrote most of what we know about Socrates. He founded the Academy, and was the tutor of Aristotle.
- Constantine
- The emperor who brought Christianity to Rome. He also re-located Rome's capital to Constantinople, the city that was once named Byzantium.
- Justification by Faith (Salvation)
- Being 'born again'; free from sin and promised eternal life in heaven
- Magna Carta
- The charter approved by King John in 1215. It limited royal power and established the rights of English freemn
- Client-Patron
- The relationship between a patrician and a plebian.
- Persian Wars
- A series of battles in wich Greece fought Persia
- Friar
- A monk who traveled, preaching to the poor
- Inquisition
- The investigation of heresy by bishops as directed by the Pope
- Delian League
- A treaty between the Greecian city-states; Athens was the leader
- Phalanx
- A military formation that involved hoplites
- Anglican Church
- The churh of Enland and all other churches connected to it.
- Aristocracy
- A system of government, where elite landowners rule.
- Henry VIII
- The King of England 1509-1547. He began the church of England
- Descartes
- Developed the scientific method
- Diocletian
- The Ruler who divided Rome into two sections. He fixed prices to avaoid inflation, and forces farmers to remain on their land in order to ensure the production of food and goods.
- Crusades
- The holy wars that took place between the 1000's and the 1200's where Christians tried to gain control of the Holy Land from Muslims
- Serf
- Peasants on a manor who were bound to the land
- Alexander the Great
- The son of Philip of Macedon. He created the first global Empire, though he never conquered Persia. He was one of the greatest military leaders of all time.
- salon
- informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
- Julius Caesar
- A military commander who forced the Senate to make him dictator for life. He enacted several public works programs and gave land to the poor in order to reform Rome. He was stabbed to death by him enemies in the Senate.
- Plebeians
- The group of poor farmers and artisans, and merchants in the Roman Republic
- 95 Theses
- Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.
- Erasmus
- A Dutch ordained preist and humanist who believed the church needed to reform, though he remained attached to it.
- Scholasticism
- The use of logic to support Christian beliefs.
- Predestination
- The belief that God predetermined who would go to heaven
- Pax Romana
- "Roman Peace" The 200 year time between Octavian's reign and the death of Marcus Aurelius.
- Tribunes
- The governmet officials elected by the Plebians
- Catholic (Counter) Reformation
- The period of Catholic revival from 1560- 1648
- Monarchy
- A form of government in which a hereditary ruler has control
- Helots
- Slaves owned by the Spartan state.
- Vassal
- A person who swore loyalty to a higher lord in exchange for land
- Anabaptists
- A group of people who belived babies should not be baptised, and that only aduls can fully understand whats happening, meaning only adults should be baptised. They believed in the separation of church and state, and that women and all men are equal in impotance and allowed them in ministry
- Galileo
- Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
- Archon
- A chief in the democracy of Athens
- Tyranny
- A government where the leader gaines power by force
- Diderot
- Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.
- Heresy
- Religious belief that counters traditional beliefs of the church
- Montesquieu
- Thought that power should be divided between branches, though there should be a checks and balances system
- Parliament
- The legislature if England
- social contract
- the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others
- Pisistratus
- An Athanian tyrant who came to power in 546 BCE
- Solon
- A wise leader who became the archon of Athens in 594 BCE.
- Thucydides
- A historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War using research and avoiding bias
- Hellenic Cultures
- Hellenic Cultures
- Ostracism
- The process of banishing a leader from the state if the public feels that they are a threat to democracy
- Avignon Papacy
- The papacy located in the South of France for about 70 years.
- Index of Prohibited Books
- A list of books Catholics were fobidden to read due to their anti-Catholisism content.
- Patricians
- The group of wealthy landowners in Ancient Rome; the upper class
- Excommunicate
- To exclude a person or group of people from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for disobeying church laws
- Cleisthenes
- A tryrant who established the Counsil of 500, and made the counsil a legislature.
- Machiavelli
- A famous theorist of the Renaissnce. His book 'The Prince', written in 1513, showed the harsh rule of a determined Prince.
- Council of Constance
- The counsil in Germany that eventually ended the great schism and elected Pope Martin V.
- Newton
- Wrote "Principia" in 1687 and made the three laws of mechanics and law of gravity. He also invented calculus.
- Oath of Fealty
- The oath taken between a vassel to his lord.
- Fief
- A section of landgiven to a vassel by their lord
- Peloponnesian Wars
- Battles fought between Athens and Sparta
- Chivalry
- The knight's code of conduct that every knight was expected to uphold.
- Michelangelo
- (March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564) An Italian painter and sculpter famous for the "David" and most of all, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
- Papacy
- The position of being the pope.
- Queen Elizabeth
- The daughter of King Henry VIII, she became Queen of England September 7th, 1533 and ruled until March 24th, 1603. During herr rein, she estabised what would become the new (Protesant) Church of England.
- Octavian
- Caesar's grandnephew who succeeded him. He took the title Augustus which means "Exalted One." Under him, the Roman republic ended.
- Interdict
- The excommunication of an entire region, town, of kingdom
- Council of Trent
- A group of cardinals of the Romas Catholic Church called by Pope Paul III to address issues in the church tied to the Protestants
- Imperator
- A ruler who has the same authority as an emperor
- Wollstonecraft
- English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote "The Vindication of the Rights of Women"
- Kepler
- German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
- Diocletian
- The Ruler who divided Rome into two sections. He fixed prices to avaoid inflation, and forces farmers to remain on their land in order to ensure the production of food and goods.
- Holy Roman Empire
- The empire of West Central Europe from 962 to 1806
- Newtonian Revolution
- the time when everyone became interested in rational ideas because of Newton's ideas.
- Senate
- The 300 governing men in Rome
- Bentham
- British writer, reformer, and philosopher whose systematic analysis of law and legislation laid the foundations of utilitarianism.
- Copernicus
- Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe
- Hannibal
- A Carthaginian general who, during the second Punic War, led the army into Italy in a suprise attack on the Romans using war elephants.
- Athens
- An influencial city-state thet was located in Attica.
- Aristotle
- A student of Plato. He studied at the aAademy until Plato's death. He also founded a school, and was the tutor of Alexander the Great for three years of him childhood
- Gracchi
- Two Partrician brothers who were among the first to try reforming Rome
- Manor
- The lord's estate, which includes all fields, towns, churches, and forrests in it
- Protestant
- Any Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
- Rousseau
- (1712-1778) Believed the process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world is founded upon uneven distribution of property, and real purpose of society was to nurture better people
- Feudalism
- The system of government where lords govern their land, but owed military service to a higher lord
- Bacon
- English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation
- Consul
- One of two menbers of the Senate who commanded the armies and supervised government buisness