Reniassance Review
exam review
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- Petrarch
- "Father of Humanism;" he studied Classical Greek and Latin as well as introduced the concept of emotion in his "Sonnets to Laura"
- Leonardo Bruni
- Wrote the New Cicero, identified "Classical Latin" as well as the foundations for civic humanism
- Charles the Bold
- He controlled Burgandy until Louis XI allowed the Swiss to invade and in the process he was killed, and his land went to France
- Cosimo de Medici
- controled Florence was a member of a wealthy family who ran the city-state government
- 1527
- Sack of Rome by Charles V
- Council of Constance
- brought an end to the Great Schism, tried to deal with the heresy problem by burning John Hus, caused the Hussite wars
- Pope Pius
- Who declared Angela a saint?
- Third estate
- Peasants and inhabitants of towns and cities.
- Medici family
- Controlled Florence and were one of the richest families in Italy., dominated Florence; acquired wealth through Florence's major industry: banking
- Bruges
- a city in northwestern Belgium
- Maximillian I
- Tried to centralize government but failed. In constant conflict with German Imperial Diet Reichstag. Success came through marriages of his children.
- Francis I
- French king of the Valois dynasty who was involved in the Italian wars, was defeated by Charles I
- Babylonian Captivity
- French King stole the Papacy in 1300's. (French wanted a pope so they made one)
- Pope Alexander Vi
- member of the Borgia family, encouraged his son Cesare to carve a state for himself in central Italy out of the territories of the Papal States
- Ivan III
- made Moscow the new capital of Russia and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.
- Excrabilis
- Pope Pius II issued it to help end the Conciliar Movement to reform the Church.
- Reichstag
- Holy Roman Empire imperial diet, lords and German princes dominate
- Lollardy
- called for Church Reforms; heavily influenced by the earlier writing of John Wycliffe; these writings illustrated disgust agains the Catholic Church and called for religious writers to use the vernacular
- Machiavelli
- said. "It is much saferto be feared then loved", wrote the Prince
- John Wyclif
- He was the leader of the Lollardy movement that attacked papal authority, and he rejected and condemned all practices not mentioned in the scripture., English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384)
- 1453
- Ottoman Empire ended the Byzantine Empire by capturing the city of Constantinople; threatened western Europe in the 1500's because it came into conflict with the HRE named Charles V
- Great Schism
- A period of division within the Catholic Church in which there was a pope and an antipope
- Artisans
- Skilled crafts worker
- Dowry
- money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- 1469- got marrieda nd united two most powerful spanish kingdoms: Castile and Aragon; Reconwuista and Granada(Moores); they want to creat a united nation state; Reconwuista ends in 1492 and Granada becomes part of Spain; Inquisition(1492): movement used to get rid of Muslims and Jews:(, gave Jews three choices- leave, convert, or die; ignorence of modern age; killed merchents and were forced to rely on Lords; "divided kingdom" two money's, laws, parliaments...
- Alexander VI
- (1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.
- Cesare Borgia
- younger son of Pope Alexander VI, prototype of Niccolò Machiavelli's Prince —intelligent, cruel, treacherous, and ruthlessly opportunistic
- Henry VII
- (1485-1509) English king, nicknamed the "Burgher king," won the War of the Roses against Richard III, established the Tudor dynasty, ended Livery and Maintenance, established the Court of Star Chamber
- Taille
- An annual direct tax usually on land or property.
- Renaissance slavery
- used because the Black Death had made open jobs that could not be filled by skilled workers. Also, the slaves were used by the rich only.
- Polish Sejm
- POLISH DIET
- Sforza
- duke of Milan, invited Charles VIII to invade Italy
- Gutenberg
- German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
- Lorenzo de Valla
- wrote "The Elegance of the Latin Language", attempted to purify original Latin. Retranslated the "Donation of Constantine" and figured out it was a forgery
- Richard III
- He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses
- First estate
- The clergy, who believed that people should be guided to spiritual ends
- Christendom
- United Western Europe under auithority of the Catholic Church
- John Hus
- called for elimination of worldliness and corruption. Council of Constance ended with Great Schism, not good for Him.Hus was then burned at stake.
- Alberti
- He penned the slogan of the age when he stated "Men can do all things if they will."
- Charles VII
- After The Hundred Years War, he worked with the Estates-General to estabish a royal army and to levy taille.
- Heresy
- An opinion or doctrine subversive of settled beliefs or accepted principles.
- Second estate
- The nobility, whose privaliges were based on the principle that they provide security and justice for society
- Julius II
- "warrior-pope" that was mostly involved in war and politics.
- Leo X
- the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521), A Medici. Best known for Renaissance culture.
- Charles VIII
- invited by Sforza to invade Florence, started Italian Wars
- Reconquista
- The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.
- Ottoman Empire
- Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.
- Treaty of Lodi
- This created an alliance in Italy between Milan, Naples, and Florence vs. the Papal States and Venice. It was is in effect from 1454 and 1494.
- Hanseatic league
- Nothern german coastal towns fomed a commercial and military association, This was formed by merchants in the 1200's by North German coastal towns .It continued to prosper even during the plague. They had a monopolies in timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wines.
- Social structure
- Basicallly the same structure from the middle ages
- Lorenzo de Medici
- The Magnificent. He and his grandfather, Cosimo successfully became dominant over Florence when it became center of Renaissance, through courting of political allies.
- Spanish Inquisition
- used to remove Jews and Moors from Spain, but most of people killed were merchants
- Byzantine Empire
- Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)
- Hermeticism
- Belief that human beings had been created as divine creative power, but had freely chosen to enter the material world, created by Ficino who was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici
- Jacob Burckhardt
- wrote "Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" created the modern concept of the Renaissance
- Liberal Studies
- a set of educational subjects that provides a path of virtue and wisdom
- Charles V
- A Habsburg emperor who inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandfather Maximilian I.
- Guilds
- Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests