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Middle East

Terms

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Shiite
A group of Islamic religion that believes that its religious leader should be chosen based on heredity.
Ottoman Empire
a Muslim empire that lasted from the early 1400s until after WWI
Cuneiform
writing typified by the use of characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements
Synagogue
(Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation
Phoenicians
A native or inhabitant of ancient Phoenicia.
Allah
Muslim name for the one and only God
Quran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
Apocalyptic Thought
View based on the idea that important matters are hidden in nature and will be revealed in a huge confrontation that will change history. It can be religious, positive, negative.
Rabbi
a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher
Sufis
mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life
Abraham
three world religions honor Abraham as their ancient patriarch and a model of faith in one God
Hadith
accounts of Muhammads words or actions that are accepted as having authority for Muslims
Kaaba
ancient shrine that Muslims today believe was built by the prophet Abraham in Mecca
Prophet
a person who others believe speaks or writes without a divine message
Apostles
A passionate adherent; a strong supporter.
Surah
core teachings of Islam, chapter of Muslim's holy book
Martyr
one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion
Paul of Tarsus
hichly educated Jewish Roman citizen and founded Christian commmunities throughout Asia Minor
Seljuk
any one of the Turkish dynasties that ruled Asia Minor from the 11th to the 13th centuries
Hijra
The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam
Hammurabi's Code
a comprehensive set of laws, considered by many scholars to be the oldest established, that were handed down four thousand years ago by King Hammurabi of Babylon
The Western Wall
a place of prayer which is sacred to Jewish people, located in Jerusalem
Monotheism
the doctrine of or belief in one god
Jihad
a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal
Suleiman the Magnificent
Leader of the Ottoman Turks
Diaspora
the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel
Persian Empire
A vast empire of southwest Asia founded by Cyrus II
Moses
the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus
Mosque
the Islamic building for collective worship
Sadducees
sect of Jews in Judea consisting of priests and wealthy business people; conservatives
Shah Abbas
Created the Safavid culture and led it into the golden age
Zoroastrianism
an Iranian religion, the principal beliefs are a cosmic struggle between a spirit of good and a spirit of evil
Archbishop
a bishop of highest rank
Clergy
A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.
Bedouins
Nomadic herders who used camels to cross the desert; Raids for grazing land frequent warfare
Mecca
an Arabian trading center & Muhammad's birthplace
Umayyad
member of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750
Sunna
A traditional Islamic law observed by orthodox Muslims and based on the teaching of Muhammad
Five Pillars of Practice
Shahada(statemnet of faith), Salat(five prayers a day), Zakat(charity), Sawn(fasting during Ramadan), Hajj(pilgramage to Mecca)
Talmud
the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism
Muhammad
the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
Sunni
a follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community
Essenes
Religious group which believed the temple of worship was impure
Mesopotamia
an ancient region of southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq
Six Pillars of Faith
Belief in one God, belief in angels, belief in divine books, belief in the last judgment, belief in Divine destiny.
Pharisees
sect of Jews from Judea consisting of citizens of all classes; liberal and sought to study the applications of Torah to everyday life
Caliphate
the rulership of Islam, the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state.
Zealots
Jews that rose up in armed rebellion against Rome in 66ce; unsuccessful, and Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed
Peter
Apostle that stated Jesus was the messiah but did not understand what a messiah was
Sumerians
of or relating to ancient Sumer or its people, language, or culture
Sharia
immense body of law interpreting the Quran and applying it's teachings to daily life regulates moral conduct, family life, business affairs, government, and other aspects of m Muslim community;
Abbasid
The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts.
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)
Covenant
an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return
Augustine of Hippo
One of the great Fathers of the early Christian church, St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace.
Bishop
a high-ranking member of the church (usually Catholic or Anglican)
Ulama
the influential leaders in traditional Muslim society, including spiritual leaders, immars, teachers, state scribes, market inspectors, and judges
Yahweh
the name of the God of the Jews or the people of Israel, as preserved in the original consonantal Hebrew Bible text
Trinity
the union of the Father and Son and Holy Ghost in one Godhead
Janissaries
Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan
Messiah
a person who could come and cure all
Shah
title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran
Jesus of Nazareth
a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for christianity
Abu Bakr
Sunnis: 1st Caliph (majority). Shi'ahs: traitor.
Baptism
a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth. the dunking in the water represent death, and being pulled out of the water represents life.
Arabs
settled along the coast of East Africa, recently many settled in West Africa
Torah
the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written
Dogma
a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
Egypt
an ancient kingdom in NE Africa: divided into the Nile Delta and the area from Cairo S to the Sudan.
New Testament
the second part of the bible; it tells you about the life and teachings of Jesus and about his followers
Heresy
a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion
Babylonian Captivity
the period of the exile of the Jews in Babylonia, 597-538 b.c.
Umma
community of faithful in Islam
Muslim
a believer or follower of Islam

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