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History English Exam

History English

Terms

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Solon's Reforms
Inscribed on wooden slabs attached to a series of axles that stood upright in the Prytaneum. These axones appear to have operated on the same principle as a Lazy Susan, allowing both convenient storage and ease of access. Originally the axones recorded laws enacted by Draco in the late 7th Century (traditionally 621BC). Nothing of Draco's codification has survived except for a law relating to homicide, yet there is consensus among scholars that it did not amount to anything like a constitution. He repealed all Draco's laws except those relating to homicide. [34] Fragments of the axones were still visible in Plutarch's time but today the only records we have of Solon's laws are fragmentary quotes and comments in literary sources such as those written by Plutarch himself. Modern scholars doubt the reliability of some of these sources and our knowledge of legislation is therefore actually very limited in its details.
Isaiah
A Prophet who cried out against social injustice, preached fault against rich for placment of poor.
Darius
Persian leader who brought on retaliation and expansion for his country Persia. He restored Hippias in Athens-490 B.C.
Solomon
Expanded politics, military; increased trade; building projects, Temple which housed the Ark of the Covenant
King Croesus
Conquered Ionian city-states that were under control of tyrants
Theban Hegemony
Lasted from the Theban victory over the Spartans at Leuctra in 371 BC to their defeat of a coalition of Peloponnesian armies at Mantinea in 362 BC though Thebes sought to maintain its position until finally eclipsed by the rising power of Macedon in 346 BC.
Moses
The Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus
Ramses II
The Egyptians regained control of Palestine but were unable to reestablish the borders of their earlier empire.
Sudden collapse of Minoan civilization
A bronze age civilization which arose on Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea. The Minoan culture flourished from approximately 2700 to 1450 BC; afterwards, Mycenaean Greek culture became dominant on Crete.
Menelaus
King of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the Trojan War. He was the son of Atreus and Aerope.
Nebuchadnezzar II
Defeats Assyria, Egypt; controls Syria and Palestine; destroys Jerusalem, Judah exiled to Babylonia
Abrham
Foundation/father of 12 tribes, He migrated from Mesopotamia settling into Palastine.
Babylonian 3 step
A state in southern Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad, dating back to the 23rd century BC.
Ashurbanipal
One of the strongest Asyrian rulers, but it was already becoming appearent durring his reign as the Assyrian Empire. was greatly over extended
First Egyptian intermediate Period
Dynasties 11-12. c.2055-2055 BC
Miltiades
Led the Athenians' army and crushed Persian forces
12 Tribes (United Kingdom)
Refers to the historical Twelve Tribes of Israel, the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Judah
The former territory of the Kingdom of Judah after its demise (c. 586 BC), being successively a Babylonian, a Persian, a Ptolomeic and a Seleucid province, an independent kingdom under the Hasmoneans regarding itself as successor of the Biblical one, a Roman dependant kingdom and a Roman province.
Ionia
Was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir which was historically Smyrna), on the Aegean Sea, generally consisting of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements on Anatolia which were primarily settled (or at least governed) by the various Ionian Greek city-states. It is eponymously named after the Greek Ionian tribe who in earliest times occupied mainly the Aegean islands in between mainland Greece and the peninsula of Anatolia, but whose peoples migrated and founded settlements in both Attica (most significantly, Athens) and the region named after them in today's Turkey.
Pisistratus
Tyrant after Solon, fixed the fall of Solons endevears
Lysander
Spartan general that cut of food supply through Hellespont-404 B.C. > Led to the starvation period of Athens(dark age) and the fall of Athens
Epaminondas
Leads Thebes to defeat Spartan army forces. ( Battle of Leuctra ) 371 B.C.>>>> After death of Epaminondas, Thebes is no longer a dominant polis.
Nicias
A member of the Athenian upper class because he had inherited a large fortune from his father. Was the main reason for the Peace of Nicias, bringing the Peloponnesian War to its first true halt after nine years of war.
Thebes
The Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian niwt "(The) City" and niwt-rst "(The) Southern City".The new kingdom placed their new capital in Thebes. It is located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile (25.7° N 32.645° E). Thebes was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (the term "Waset" was used for the name of the city as well). The city was the capital of Egypt during part of the Eleventh Dynasty (Middle Kingdom), and most of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom), though the administration probably remained located at Memphis for much of this. With the Nineteenth Dynasty the seat of government moved to the Delta.
Battle at Marathon
Took place in 490 BC and was the culmination of King Darius I of Persia's first full scale attempt to conquer the remainder of Greece and incorporate it into the Persian Empire, which would secure the weakest portion of his western border. Most of what is known of this battle comes from the Greek historian Herodotus.
Annual flood of Nile River
The "miracle" was its annual Flooding. The river rose in the summer from rains in Central Africa, crested in Egypt in September and October, and left a depsoit of silt that enriched the soil.
Neo-Babylon
Refers to this country under the rule of the 11th ("Chaldean") dynasty, from the revolt of Nabopolassar in 626 BC until the invasion of Cyrus the Great in 539 BC, notably including the reign of Nebuchadnezzar.
Age of Pericles
The term used to denote the historical period in Ancient Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE. Pericles - an Athenian general, politician and orator - distinguished himself above the other shining personalities of the era, men who excelled in politics, philosophy, architecture, sculpture, history and literature. He fostered arts and literature and gave to Athens a splendor which would never return throughout its history. He executed a large number of public works projects and improved the life of the citizens. Hence, this important figure gave his name to the Athenian Golden Age.
Battle at Salamis
A naval battle between the Greek city-states and Persia in September, 480 BC in the strait between Piraeus and Salamis Island, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens.
Heltos
Slaves to the Spartans, usually men of captive nations; War was declared upon them yearly for battle training for the Spartan warriors.
Tiglath-Pileser III
Subdue Palestine and incorporate it as province; deport ten tribes of Israel in 722 BC
Cyrus the Great
Leader of Persia, conquers Media
Cyrus the Great
Persian Leader who conquers Media- dies in 530 B.C
Samuel
Judge and prophet of Israel called upon to be leader at a young age.
New Kingdom
Dynasties 18-20. c.1550-1070 BC
Gilgamesh
King of Uruk who abused his citizens. He was part man/god, a wise, strong abled man who makes friends with Enkidu his equal
Amenhotep III
He was the great grandson of Thatmosis III, he built great statues, He was faced with a military challenge known as the Hittites. He brought a new worship of Aten and changed name to Akenoton.
Sparta
A Dorian Greek military city-state, originally centered in Laconia. It emphasized military training, and after achieving notable victories over the Athenian and Persian Empires, regarded itself as the natural protector of Greece. The Kings were believed to be the direct descendants of Heracles.
Invasion of Hittites
During the 15th century BC, Hittite power fell into obscurity, re-emerging with the reign of Tudhaliya I from ca. 1400 BC. Under Suppiluliuma I and Mursili II, the Empire was extended to most of Anatolia and parts of Syria and Canaan, so that by 1300 BC the Hittites were bordering on the Egyptian sphere of influence, leading to the inconclusive Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC.
Daniel
During his time upper class is exiled to Babylon; he was a prophet of God.
Persia
A series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. Today the nation of Persia is known primarily as Iran.
Invasion of Hyksos; Second Egyptian intermediate period
Dynasties 13-17. c.1650-1550 BC
Egypt
A country in North Africa that includes the Sinai Peninsula, a land bridge to Asia. Covering an area of about 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,560 sq mi), it borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. The northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea and the island of Cyprus, the eastern coast borders the Red Sea.
Xerxes
Persian leader who invaded Greece
Israel
A country in Southwest Asia located on the southeastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It has borders with Lebanon in the north, Syria and Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.[5] The West Bank and Gaza Strip, which are partially administrated by the Palestinian National Authority, are also adjacent. With a population of about 7.2 million,[2] the majority of whom are Jews, Israel is the world's only Jewish state.[6] It is also home to Arab Muslims, Christians and Druze, as well as other religious and ethnic minority groups. Jerusalem is the nation's capital, seat of government, and largest city.[7]
Sargon
King of Akkade who conquers Mesopotamia, establishes first empire. Humble orgins, becomes absolute ruler.
Osiris
Symbol of ressurection, image of the dead, cult of Osiris was for wealthy.
The Exodus
Refers to the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt. These Hebrew warriors turned into workers and often referred to as slaves left Egypt under the leadership of Moses and Aaron, to return back to the Land of Israel, as described in the biblical Book of Exodus. It forms the basis of the Jewish holiday of Passover.
Trojan War
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". The goddesses went to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans mercilessly slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to Italy.
Battle at Thermopylae
The 300 spartans led by Lionidas held off Xerxes army of 150,000 for 2 days this battle was motivational boost for all of free Greeks.
Athens
The capital and largest city in Greece, dominates the Attica periphery: as one of the world's oldest cities, its recorded history spans at least 3,000 years.
Assyria
A region on the Upper Tigris river, named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur. Later, as a nation and empire that came to control all of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and much of Anatolia, the term "Assyria proper" referred to roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia), with Nineveh as its capital.
Babylonia
A state in southern Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. Historically, two ethnic groups, the Sumerians and Akkadians, had dominated the region. An area intensely irrigated, and strategically located for trade routes and commerce, it was often under threat from outsiders throughout the region's history.
Cleisthenes' Reforms
A noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC or 507 BC.[1] He was related to the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon, through the latter's daughter Agariste and her husband Megacles.
Ishtar
The goddess of fertility, sexual love, and war. In the Babylonian pantheon, she "was the divine personification of the planet Venus".
Lycurgus
He revised Sparta's government ( 800-600 B.C)
Alcibiades
Ancient Athenian statesman and general in the Peloponnesian War (circa 450-404 BC)
Aeschylus
( 527-456 B.C)first known writer of tragedies, wrote 90 in all but only 7 have survived; He wrote the only recorded trilogy known during his time.
Corinth
A city in Greece. In antiquity it was a city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. To the west of the isthmus lies the Gulf of Corinth, to the east lies the Saronic Gulf. The city is about 48 miles (78 km) southwest of Athens. The isthmus, which was in ancient times traversed by hauling ships over the rocky ridge on sledges, is now cut by a canal.
Mardonius
Was left in charge of Persian force in Thessaly due to the absence of Xerxes.
Cimon
An Athenian statesman and a major political figure of the 470s and 460s BC in the ancient city-state of Athens.
Peloponnesian War
A war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta
Middle Kingdom
Dynasties 11-12. c.2055-1650 BC
Herodotus
Recounted that the Persians viewed him as a father, a ruler who was gentle and procured them all manner of goods.
Tiglath-Pileser I
Establishes empire in 1360BC; brutal, deliberate terror
Mithra
An especially popular god of light and war who came to be viewed as a sun god.
Thucydides
Ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)
Greek Colonization
Between 750 and 550 BC, large numbers of Greeks left their homelands to settle in distant lands.
Agamemnon
A man from Mycenae, brother of the Spartan king; led Greeks into battle and defeated Troy.
Sumer
Was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in lower Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC.
David
Reunited Israel, defeated Philistines, capital at Jerusalem, centralized political administration
Battle at Plataea
The final major battle of the Greco-Persian Wars in southern Greece. It took place in 479 BC between an alliance of Greek city-states Sparta, Athens, Corinth, Megara and others against the Persians.
Enkidu
Companion of second half of Gilgamesh
Helen
Daughter of Zeus and Leda, wife of king Menelaus of Sparta and sister of Castor, Polydeuces and Clytemnestra. Her abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War.
LAST TEST > FRONT PAGE
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Yahweh
Sacred name for God. Name of the God of Israel.
Hippias
(527-510 B.C) Son of Pisistratus. He abbused powers as partial tyrant of Athens, so sent into exile. His short reign ended tyranney for Athens.
Leonidas
King of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC)
Old Kingdom
Dynasties 3-6. c.2686-2125 BC
Phoenicia
Was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria.[2] Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between the period of 1200 BC to 900 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Sarepta (modern day Sarafand) between Sidon and Tyre, is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a man-powered sailing vessel.
Akenaton
He changed his name to Akenaton after he brought the new worship of Aten into culture.
Solon
Famous Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and Lyric poet.
Greek Tyranny
Increasing divisions between rich and poor and the aspiration of newly rising inustries and commercial groups in Greek poleis opened the door to the rise of this in the 7th and 6th centuries.
Ra
Sun god who was head of Egypt
Pericles
Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece
Thucydides
Was in charge of the History of the Peloponnesian War.------(commonly missed question on the test!)
Saul
First King of united Israel, at his death, anarchy"political chaos"
Hammurabi
Amorite ruler of Babylon 1792-1750 B.C. He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)
Cleon
He was a part of the war party( opposed by Nicias, peace) took over after death of Pericles. As a leader of the Athenians he had some military sucesses
Themistocles
Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC)

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