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IDs 15-32 Ch 18

ill finish adding them when im done with them but heres the beginning

Terms

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Enlightenment
scientific revolution was single most important factor in creation of Enlightenment-3 central concepts: (1)methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life (reason)-(2)scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature-birth of social science-(3)progress-belief that it was at least possible for human beings to create better societies and better people
salons
elegant private drawing rooms-in Paris used for regular social gatherings of great and near-great presided over by a number of talented and rich women-allowed philosophes to exchange witty, uncensored observations of literature, science, philosophy, with great aristocrats, wealthy middle-class financiers, high-ranking officials, and noteworthy foreigners
Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot
edited with d' Alembert the seventeen volume group effort of philosophes Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts-began his career as a hack writer, first attracting attention with a skeptical tract on religion that was quickly burned by the judges of Paris
Deism
belief in God but not in established churches
salons
elegant private drawing rooms-in Paris used for regular social gatherings of great and near-great presided over by a number of talented and rich women-allowed philosophes to exchange witty, uncensored observations of literature, science, philosophy, with great aristocrats, wealthy middle-class financiers, high-ranking officials, and noteworthy foreigners
Madame du Châtelet
intellectually gifted married woman from high aristocracy with a passion for science-invited Voltaire to live at her country house at Cirey in Lorraine and becoming his long-time companion-she studied physics and math and published scientific articles and translations-finest rep. of elite Frenchwomen and their scientific accomplishments but suffered because of gender-excluded on principle from Royal Academy of Sciences and from stimulating interchange with other scientistsshe depended on private tutors for instruction and became uncertain of her ability to make important scientific discoveries-concentrated on spreading ideas of others-translation and commentary of Newton's Principia
Bernard de Fontenelle
set out to make science witty and entertaining for a broad nonscientific audience, as easy to read as a novel-Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) conversations between male and female aristocrats about astronomy; rejoice in knowledge that human mind can progress-skeptical about absolute truth and cynical about claims of organized religion; Eulogies of Scientistsfundamental theme of rational, progressive scientists versus prejudiced, reactionary priests-religion and science conflict
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
brilliant and difficult thinker, an appealing but neurotic individual-born into poor family of watchmakers in Geneva, he went to Paris and was influenced by Diderot and Voltaire-came to believe that his philosophe friends and women of the Parisian salons were plotting against himbroke with them personally and intellectually, then living as an outsider with his uneducated common-law wife and going in his own highly original direction-individual freedom-attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying-his ideas influenced romantic movement which rebelled against Enlightenment-The Social Contract (1762) 2 fundamental concepts: general will and popular soveriegnty
tabula rasa
at birth, human mind is like a blank tablet and the environment writes the individual's understanding and beliefs-human development determined by education and social institutions for good or for evil
Baron de Montesquieu
pioneered approach of writing novels, plays, histories, philosophies, dictionaries, and encyclopedias filled with satire and double meanings through manuscript form-The Persian Letters: influential social satire (1721) amusing letters supposedly written by Persian travelers, who see European customs in unique ways and thereby cleverly criticize existing practices and beliefs-settled down on estate to study history and politics-set out to apply critical method to problem of govt. in The Spirit of Laws (1748) result was complex comparatice study of rebulics, monarchies, and despotisms (pioneering inquiry into social sciences)-focused on conditions that would promote liberty and prevent tyranny-despotism could be avoided with separation of powers-strong, independent upper class was important-admired English balance of powerFrench parlements frontline defenders of liberty against royals
John Locke
Essay Concerning Human Understanding: (1690) (same year as Second Treatise of Civil Govt.) set forth a new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas-rejected view of Descartes (all people are born with certain basic ideas and ways of thinking) insisted ideas are derived from experience-tabula rasa
Immanuel Kant
a professor in East Prussia and the greatest German philosopher of the age, argued in 1784 that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would follow-suggested that Prussia's Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he permitted freedom of press
Marquis de Condorçet
Progress of the Human Mind hypothesized and tracked 9 stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted that the 10th would bring perfection-transformed Enlightenment belief in gradual, hard-won progress into fanciful utopianism-wrote this while fleeing for life-caught and condemned by revolutionary extremists, he preferred the death by his own hand to the blade of the guillotine
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
French-made a sharp distinction between the truly enlightened public and the blind and noisy multitude
Pierre Bayle
French Huguenot who despised Louis XIV and found refuge in Netherlands; teacher and crusading journalisttook advantage of toleration and intellectual freedom of Netherlands-Historical and Critical Dictionary: critically examined religious beliefs and persecutions of past-belief varied and mistakennothing can ever be known beyond all doubt-skeptic
Baron Paul d'Holbach
System of Nature-argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces-German born but French educated-he believed that free will, God, and immortality of the soul were foolish myths-atheism and determinism with deep hostility toward Christianity and other religions deal the unity of Enlightenment a severe blow-published philosophically radical works anonymously in Netherlands to avoid possible prosecution in France-in lifetime best known to public as generous patron and witty hose of writers and intellectuals
Voltaire
Francois Marie Arouet-long career, son of a comfortable middle class family he wrote more than 70 witty volumes, socialized with kings and queens, and died a millionaire b/c of his shrewd business speculations-1717 imprisoned for 11 months in Bastille in Paris for insulting regent of France-1726 French nobleman had him beaten and arrested-struggled against legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law-moved to England-returning to France met Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier d Breteuil, marquise du Chatalet-wrote various works praising England and popularizing English scientific progress-wrote that Newton was history's greatest man-mixed glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions-reformer not revolutionary-appointed royal historian in 1743-Age of Louis XIV portrayed Louis as the dignified leader of his age-began correspondence with Frederick the Great and after death of Madame du Chatalet, accepted invite of Frederick to Prussian court-concluded that the best one could hope for in the way of govt. was a good monarch-didn't believe in social and economic equality in social affairs-writings challenged the Catholic church and Christian theology
philosophes
one of history's most influential groups of intellectuals-proudly and effectively proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures-French word for "philosopher"-they were philosophers asking fundamental philosophical questions about the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect
Immanuel Kant
a professor in East Prussia and the greatest German philosopher of the age, argued in 1784 that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would follow-suggested that Prussia's Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he permitted freedom of press
David Hume
carefully argued skepticism had powerful long-term influence-argued that human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions; originate only in sense experiences and our habits of joining these experience together; ideas reflect experiences, our reason can't tell us anything about questions that cannot be verified by experience-

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