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Biology week 3

Week 3 Vocab for Bio 212 with Professor Mayfield.

Terms

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Free energy
The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
Endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Catalyst
A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Enzyme
A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Equilibrium constant
A value that describes the relationship among the concentrations of the substances present in a system of equilibrium. The numerator is obtained by multiplying the concentrations of the substances on the product side of the equation, each raised to a power equal to its coefficient in the chemical equation. The denominator similarly contains the concentrations of the substances on the reactant side of the equation.
Reactants
Starting materials in a chemical reation.
Products
Ending materials in a chemical reaction.
Intermediate
In a coupled reaction, the compound that is both produced in the first reaction and is consumed in the second.
Activation energy
The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.
Substrate
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Competitive inhibition
The process of a substance reducing the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
Allosteric enzyme
of, relating to, or being a change in the shape and activity of a protein (as an enzyme) that results from combination with another substance at a point other than the chemically active site.
Non-competitive inhibition
The process of a substance reducing the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition
A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
Catabolism
The process of breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds and releasing energy in the process.
Anabolism
The process that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds, thus requiring energy.
Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Reduction
The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Redox
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another: also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Inner mitochondrial membrane
The membrane of the mitochondria that is the site of electron transport and chemiosmosis.
Outer mitochondrial membrane
The outer membrane of the mitochondria.
Matrix (mitochondria)
The compartment of the mitochondria enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates of the Kreb's Cycle.
Cytosol
The semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. This is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
Glucose
The "reactant" of glycolysis
Pyruvate
The end result of glycolysis.
Coenzyme A (Co-A)
A type of coenzyme that is an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as enzymes in important metabolic reactions.
Kreb's Cycle
A chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide: occurs within the mitochondrian: the second major stage in cellular respiration (citric acid cycle.)
Electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Hydrogen ion gradient
During oxidation phosphorylation, hydrogen ions go down through an enzyme from higher concentration to lower concentration and across this, making ATP.
Oxidation phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
ATP synthase
A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial membrane) because that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. This provides a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrian.
Product inhibition
When too many products are formed in a reaction, the product attaches itself to an allosteric site on the enzyme and shuts down the enzyme. This helps maintain equilibrium.
Competitive inhibition
The process in which a different substrate goes into the active site of an enzyme, thus shutting down the enzyme and not allowing it to function
Fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product.

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