chapter 3 and 4-- spanish
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- el balcón
- balcony
- la escalera
- staircase
- el hogar
- home;fireplace
- la limpieza
- cleaning
- los muebles
- furniture
- los quehaceres
- chores
- apagar
- to turn off
- barrer
- to sweep
- calentar
- to warm up
- cocinar
- to cook
- encender
- to turn on
- freír
- to fry
- hervir
- to boil
- lavar
- to wash
- limpiar
- to clean
- pasar la aspiradora
- to vacuum
- poner/quitar la mesa
- to set/clear the table
- quitar el polvo
- to dust
- tocar el timbre
- to ring the doorbell
- el centro comercial
- mall
- el dinero en efectivo
- cash
- la ganga
- bargain
- el probador
- dressing room
- el reembolso
- refund
- el supermercado
- supermarket
- la tarjeta de crédito/débito
- credit/debit card
- devolver
- to return
- hacer mandados
- to run errands
- ir de compras
- to go shopping
- probarse
- to try on
- seleccionar
- to select; to pick out
- auténtico
- real; genuine
- barato
- cheap; inexpensive
- caro
- expensive
- a menudo
- frequently; often
- a propósito
- on purpose
- a tiempo
- on time
- a veces
- sometimes
- apenas
- hardly; scarcely
- así
- like like; so
- bastante
- quite; enough
- casi
- almost
- casi nunca
- rarely
- de repente
- suddenly
- de vez en cuando
- now and then; once in a while
- en aquel entonces
- at that time
- en el acto
- immediately; on the spot
- enseguida
- right away
- por casualidad
- by chance
- la agenda
- datebook
- la costumbre
- custon; habit
- el horario
- schedule
- la rutina
- routine
- la soledad
- solitude; loneliness
- acostumbrarse
- to get used to; to grow accustomed (to)
- arreglarse
- to get ready
- averiguar
- to find out; to check
- probar (a)
- to try (on)
- soler
- to be in the habit of; to be used to
- atrasado
- fate
- cotidiano
- everyday
- diario
- daily
- inesperado
- unexpected
- pretérito (definition)
- The preterite is used to describe actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past. ex: Mi mama preparó una cena deliciosa. My mom prepared a delicious dinner.
- el imperfecto (definition)
- The imperfect tense is used to narrate past events without focusing on their beginning, end, or completion. ex: Cuando yo era joven, vivía en una ciudad muy grande. When I was young, I lived in a big city.
- el choque
- crash
- las facciones
- facial features
- el timbre
- tone of voice
- afligirse
- to get upset
- despedirse
- to say goodbye
- parecerse
- to look like
- titularse
- to graduate
- repentino
- sudden
- al autorretrato
- self-portrait
- el maquillaje
- make-up
- el llanto
- weekping;crying
- acariciar
- to caress
- llorar
- to cry
- lucir
- to wear, to display
- arduo
- hard
- acaso
- perhaps
- el cansancio
- exhaustion
- el cuadro
- painting
- la obra maestra
- masterpiece
- el/la pintor(a)
- painter
- el retrato
- portrait
- pintar
- to paint
- retratar
- to portray
- fatigado
- exhausted
- imprevisto
- unexpected
- previsto
- expected
- la enfermedad
- disease;illness
- la gripe
- flu
- la herida
- injury
- el malestar
- discomfort
- el resfriado
- cold
- la respiración
- breathing
- la tensión (alta/baja)
- (high/low) blood pressure
- la tos
- cough
- el virus
- virus
- contagiarse
- to become infected
- desmayarse
- to faint
- empeorar
- to deteriorate; to get worse
- enfermarse
- to get sick
- estar resfriado
- to have a cold
- lastimarse
- to get hurt
- permanecer
- to remain; to last
- ponerse bien/mal
- to get well/sick
- sufrir (de)
- to suffer(from)
- tener buen/mal aspecto
- to look healthy/sick
- tener fiebre
- to have a fever
- toser
- to cough
- agotado
- exhausted
- inflamado
- inflamed
- mareado
- dizzy
- la alimentación
- diet (nutrition)
- la autoestima
- self-esteem
- el bienestar
- well-being
- el estado de ánimo
- mood
- la salud
- health
- adelgazar
- to lose weight
- dejar de fumar
- to quit smoking
- descansar
- to rest
- engordar
- to gain weight
- estar a dieta
- to be on a diet
- mejorar(se)
- to improve
- prevenir
- to prevent
- transnochar
- to stay up all night
- sano
- healthy
- la cirugía
- surgery
- el/la cirujano/a
- surgeon
- la consulta
- doctor's appt.
- el consultario
- doctor's office
- la operación
- operation
- los primeros auxilios
- first aid
- la sala de emergencias
- emergency room
- el analgésico
- painkiller
- la aspirina
- aspirin
- el calmante
- tranquilizer
- los efectos secundarios
- side effects
- el jarabe
- syrup
- la pastilla
- pill
- la receta
- prescription
- el tratamiento
- treatment
- la vacuna
- vaccine
- la venda
- bandage
- el yeso
- cast
- curarse
- to heal; to be cured
- poner(se) una inyección
- to give/get a shot
- recuperarse
- to recover
- sanar
- to heal
- tratar
- to treat
- vacunar(se)
- to vaccinate/to get vaccinated
- curativo
- healing
- el álbum(de fotos)
- (photo) album
- el asilo (de ancianos)
- nursing home
- el desorden
- mess
- el marco
- frame
- la paella
- traditional rice and seafood disb
- la tortilla
- potato omlet
- el trastero
- storage room
- apañar
- to mend; to fix
- apañarse
- to manage
- largarse
- to take off
- descalzo
- barefoot
- enseguida
- right away
- el adelanto
- improvement
- la aguja
- needle
- la cordura
- sanity
- el/la enfermero/a
- nurse
- el hallazgo
- finding;discovery
- la insensatez
- folly (foolishness)
- el ombligo
- navel
- la pena
- sorrow
- el regocijo
- joy
- la terapia intensive
- intensive care
- latir
- to beat
- desafinate
- challenging
- la dolencia
- illness
- la genética
- genetics
- el/la indígena
- indigenous person
- el/la investigador(a)
- researcher
- la lesión
- injury
- la población
- population
- el pueblo
- people
- afligir
- to afflict
- descubrir
- to discover
- recetar
- to prescribe
- Subjunctive
- mainly used in the subordinate (dependent) clause of multiple-clause sentences to express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. ex: Hablar---hable, hables, hable, hablemos,hablen comer---coma,comas,come,comamos,coman escribir---escriba, escribas, escriba, escribamos, escriban
- subjunctive irregular
- conocer---conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcan decir--diga, digas, diga, digamos,digan hacer--haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagan oír--oiga,oigas,oiga,oigamos,oigan poner--ponga, pongas,ponga,pongamos,pongan seguir--siga, sigas,siga,sigamos,sigan tener--tenga,tengas,tenga,tengamos,tengan traer--traiga,traigas,traigamos,traigan ver--vea,veas,vea,veamos,vean
- subjunctive with stem changes
- pensar--piense, pienses,piense,pensemos,piensen jugar- -juegue, juegues,juegue,juguemos,jueguen mostrar-muestre,muestres,muestre,mostremos,muestren entender--entienda,entiendas,entienda,entendamos ,entiendan pedir--pida,pidas,pida,pidamos,pidan sentir--sienta,sientas,sienta,sintamos,sientan dormir-duerma,duermas,duramos,duerman
- more irregular...
- dar- dé, des, dé,demos, den estar- esté, estés, esté,estemos,estén ir-vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan saber--sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos,sepan ser-sea,seas,sea,seamos,sean
- verbs and expressions of will and influence
- aconsejar-to advise desear-to desire;to wish es importante-it's important es necesario-it's necessary es urgente-it's urgent exigir-to demand gustar-to like hacer-to make importar-to be important insistir en-to insist (on) mandar-to order necesitar- to need oponerse a-to oppose pedir-to ask for; to request preferir- tp prefer prohibir- to prohibit proponer-to propose querer-to want recomendar-to recommend rogar-to beg;to plead sugerir-to suggest ex:) El médico siempre me recomienda que deje de fumar. The doctor always recommends that I quit smoking
- when the subject of the main (independent) clause of a sentence exerts influence or will on the subject of the subordinate clause, the verb in the subordinate clause takes the subjunctive
- main clause+connector+ subordinate clause Yo quiero+que+tú vayas al médico
- if there is no change in the subject, then the infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used w/ verbs & expressions of will and influence
- Quiero ir a Bogota en junio. I want to go to Bogota in June. (the "que" is unnecessary in this case) Prefiero que vayas en agosto. I prefer that you go in August.
- more verbs and expressions of will and influence
- alegrarse (de)- to be happy (about) es bueno-it's good es extraño-it's strange es malo- it's bad es mejor- it's better es ridículo- it's ridiculous es terrible- it's terrible es una lástima- it's a shame es una pena- it's a pity esperar- to hope; to wish gustar-to like; to be pleasing molestar- to bother sentir- to be sorry; to regret sorprender- to surprise temer-to fear tener miedo a/de- to be afraid (of) ex:) Espero que te recuperes pronto. I hope you recover quickly
- when the main clause implies doubt, uncertainty, or denial, the verb subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause.
- No creo que él nos quiera engañar. I don't believe that he wants to deceive us. Dudan que el jarabe sea un buen remedio. They doubt that the syrup will be a good remedy.
- verbs and expressions of doubt and denial
- dudar- to doubt es imposible- it's impossible es improbable- it's improbable es poco seguro- it's uncertain (no) es posible- it's (not) possible (no) es probable- it's (not) probable negar- to deny no creer- not to believe no es evidente- it's not evident no es seguro- it's not certain no es verdad/cierto- it's not true no estar seguro de-not to be sure (of)
- the infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of doubt or denial if there is no change in the subject of the sentence.
- Es imposible viajar hoy. It's impossible to travel today. Es improbable que él viaje hoy. It's unlikely that he would travel today. notice the difference. the first one has no "que"
- formal commands (mandatos) are used to give orders or advice to people you address as usted or ustedes. Their forms are identical to the present subjunctive forms for usted and ustedes
- tomar-- tome (uds.), tomen (uds.) volver- vuelva (ud.), vuelvan (uds.) salir- salga(ud.), salgan (uds.)
- Familiar commands are used with people you address as tú. Affirmative tú commands have the same form as the él,ella, and usted form of the present indicative. Negative tú commands have the same form as the tú form of the present subjunctive.
- Viajar- viaja (affirmative), no viajes(negative) empezar- empieza (aff.), no empieces (neg.) pedir- pide (aff.), no pidas (neg.)
- these verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. Their negative forms are still the same as their tú form of the present subjunctive
- decir- di hacer-haz ir-ve poner- pon salir-sal ser- sé tener- ten venir- ven
- Nosotros commands are used to give orders or suggestions that include yourself as well as other people. In spanish, nosotros commands correspond to the english "let's + verb". Affirmative and negative nosotros commands are generally indentical to the forms of the present subjunctive
- bailar- bailemos (aff.), no bailemos (neg) beber- bebamos(aff.), no bebams (neg) abrir- abramos (aff.), no abramos (neg) Irregular-- ir/irse---vamos/vámonos negative commands are reg.-- no vayamos/ no nos vayamos
- uses of para
- destination- El cirugano sale de su casa PARA la clínica a las ocho. The surgeon leaves his house at 8 to go to the clinic. deadline or a specific time in the future- El resultado del análisis va a estar listo para mañana. The results of the analysis will be ready by tomorrow. Goal(para+infinitive)- El doctor usó un termómetro para ver si el niño tenía fiebre. The doctor used a thermometer to see if they boy had a fever. Purpose (para+ noun)- El investigador descubrió una cura para la enfermedad. The researcher discovered a cure for the illness. comparison with others or opinion- For her age, she enjoys very good health. employment- My son works for a pharmaceuitcal company.
- expressions with para
- no estar para bromas- to be in no mood for jokes no ser para tanto- to not be so important para colmo- to top it all off para que- so that para que sepas- just so you know para siempre- forever
- uses of por
- motion or a general location( along, through, around, by)- I broke my leg running through the park. duration of an action- He was in bed for two months. reason/motive for an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of)- She prayed for her sick child. object of a search- The nurse went for a thermometer. means by which (by, by way of, by means of)- I consulted with the doctor by phone. exchange or substitution- We changed from that treatment to a new one. unit of measure- I have to take the pills five times per day. agent (passive voice)- The new public health policy was announced by the press.
- expressions with por
- por ahora- for the time being por allí/aquí- around there/here por casualidad- by chance/ accident por cierto- by the way por Dios- for God's sake por ejemplo- for example for escrito- in writing por eso- therefore; for that reason por fin- finally por lo general- in general por lo menos- at least por la tanto- therefore por lo visto- apparently por más/mucho que- no matter how much por otro lado/otra parte- on the other hand por primera vez- for the first time por si acaso- just in case por supuesto- of course
- preterite of regular verbs
- comprar- compré, compraste, compró, compramos, comparon vender- vendí, vendiste, vendió, vendimos, vendieron abrir- abrí, abriste, abrió, abrimos, abrieron Ayer empecé un nuevo trabajo. Yesterday I started a new job. Mi mama preparó una cena delciosa. My mom prepared a delicious dinner.
- -car, -gar, -zar, caer, creer, leer, oír, construir, incluir- preterite
- spelling change in the yo form buscar- busqué llegar- llegué empezar- empecé other changers caer- caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, cayeron creer- creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron leer- leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron oír- oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oyeron and more... construir- construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construyeron incluir- incluí, incluiste, incluyó, incluimos, incluyeron etc... pedir- pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron dormir- dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, durmieron
- irregular preterite
- andar-anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron estar-estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron poder-pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron saber- supe, supiste, supo, supimos,supieron tener- tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron hacer-hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron querer- quise, quiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron venir- vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron conducir- conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron decir- dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijieron traer- traje, trajiste,trajo,trajimos,trajeron
- words and expressions associated with the preterite
- anoche anteayer ayer la semana pasada una vez dos veces
- imperfect of regular verbs
- caminar- caminaba, caminabas, caminaba,caminábamos, caminaban deber- debía, debías, debía, debíamos, debían abrir- abría, abrías, abríamos, abrían
- ir, ser, and ver are the only irregular verbs in the imperfect
- ir- iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban ser- era, eras, era, éramos, eran ver- veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían
- the imperfect of hay is había
- Había tres cajeros en el supermercado. There were three cashiers in the supermarket.
- these words and expressions are often used with the imperfect because they express habitual or repeated actions
- de niño- as a child todos los días- every day mientras- while siempre-always De niño, vivía en un barrio en Madrid. Todos los días iba a la casa de mi abuela. Siempre escuchaba música meintras corría en el parque.