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chapter 3 and 4-- spanish

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
el balcón
balcony
la escalera
staircase
el hogar
home;fireplace
la limpieza
cleaning
los muebles
furniture
los quehaceres
chores
apagar
to turn off
barrer
to sweep
calentar
to warm up
cocinar
to cook
encender
to turn on
freír
to fry
hervir
to boil
lavar
to wash
limpiar
to clean
pasar la aspiradora
to vacuum
poner/quitar la mesa
to set/clear the table
quitar el polvo
to dust
tocar el timbre
to ring the doorbell
el centro comercial
mall
el dinero en efectivo
cash
la ganga
bargain
el probador
dressing room
el reembolso
refund
el supermercado
supermarket
la tarjeta de crédito/débito
credit/debit card
devolver
to return
hacer mandados
to run errands
ir de compras
to go shopping
probarse
to try on
seleccionar
to select; to pick out
auténtico
real; genuine
barato
cheap; inexpensive
caro
expensive
a menudo
frequently; often
a propósito
on purpose
a tiempo
on time
a veces
sometimes
apenas
hardly; scarcely
así
like like; so
bastante
quite; enough
casi
almost
casi nunca
rarely
de repente
suddenly
de vez en cuando
now and then; once in a while
en aquel entonces
at that time
en el acto
immediately; on the spot
enseguida
right away
por casualidad
by chance
la agenda
datebook
la costumbre
custon; habit
el horario
schedule
la rutina
routine
la soledad
solitude; loneliness
acostumbrarse
to get used to; to grow accustomed (to)
arreglarse
to get ready
averiguar
to find out; to check
probar (a)
to try (on)
soler
to be in the habit of; to be used to
atrasado
fate
cotidiano
everyday
diario
daily
inesperado
unexpected
pretérito (definition)
The preterite is used to describe actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past. ex: Mi mama preparó una cena deliciosa. My mom prepared a delicious dinner.
el imperfecto (definition)
The imperfect tense is used to narrate past events without focusing on their beginning, end, or completion. ex: Cuando yo era joven, vivía en una ciudad muy grande. When I was young, I lived in a big city.
el choque
crash
las facciones
facial features
el timbre
tone of voice
afligirse
to get upset
despedirse
to say goodbye
parecerse
to look like
titularse
to graduate
repentino
sudden
al autorretrato
self-portrait
el maquillaje
make-up
el llanto
weekping;crying
acariciar
to caress
llorar
to cry
lucir
to wear, to display
arduo
hard
acaso
perhaps
el cansancio
exhaustion
el cuadro
painting
la obra maestra
masterpiece
el/la pintor(a)
painter
el retrato
portrait
pintar
to paint
retratar
to portray
fatigado
exhausted
imprevisto
unexpected
previsto
expected
la enfermedad
disease;illness
la gripe
flu
la herida
injury
el malestar
discomfort
el resfriado
cold
la respiración
breathing
la tensión (alta/baja)
(high/low) blood pressure
la tos
cough
el virus
virus
contagiarse
to become infected
desmayarse
to faint
empeorar
to deteriorate; to get worse
enfermarse
to get sick
estar resfriado
to have a cold
lastimarse
to get hurt
permanecer
to remain; to last
ponerse bien/mal
to get well/sick
sufrir (de)
to suffer(from)
tener buen/mal aspecto
to look healthy/sick
tener fiebre
to have a fever
toser
to cough
agotado
exhausted
inflamado
inflamed
mareado
dizzy
la alimentación
diet (nutrition)
la autoestima
self-esteem
el bienestar
well-being
el estado de ánimo
mood
la salud
health
adelgazar
to lose weight
dejar de fumar
to quit smoking
descansar
to rest
engordar
to gain weight
estar a dieta
to be on a diet
mejorar(se)
to improve
prevenir
to prevent
transnochar
to stay up all night
sano
healthy
la cirugía
surgery
el/la cirujano/a
surgeon
la consulta
doctor's appt.
el consultario
doctor's office
la operación
operation
los primeros auxilios
first aid
la sala de emergencias
emergency room
el analgésico
painkiller
la aspirina
aspirin
el calmante
tranquilizer
los efectos secundarios
side effects
el jarabe
syrup
la pastilla
pill
la receta
prescription
el tratamiento
treatment
la vacuna
vaccine
la venda
bandage
el yeso
cast
curarse
to heal; to be cured
poner(se) una inyección
to give/get a shot
recuperarse
to recover
sanar
to heal
tratar
to treat
vacunar(se)
to vaccinate/to get vaccinated
curativo
healing
el álbum(de fotos)
(photo) album
el asilo (de ancianos)
nursing home
el desorden
mess
el marco
frame
la paella
traditional rice and seafood disb
la tortilla
potato omlet
el trastero
storage room
apañar
to mend; to fix
apañarse
to manage
largarse
to take off
descalzo
barefoot
enseguida
right away
el adelanto
improvement
la aguja
needle
la cordura
sanity
el/la enfermero/a
nurse
el hallazgo
finding;discovery
la insensatez
folly (foolishness)
el ombligo
navel
la pena
sorrow
el regocijo
joy
la terapia intensive
intensive care
latir
to beat
desafinate
challenging
la dolencia
illness
la genética
genetics
el/la indígena
indigenous person
el/la investigador(a)
researcher
la lesión
injury
la población
population
el pueblo
people
afligir
to afflict
descubrir
to discover
recetar
to prescribe
Subjunctive
mainly used in the subordinate (dependent) clause of multiple-clause sentences to express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. ex: Hablar---hable, hables, hable, hablemos,hablen comer---coma,comas,come,comamos,coman escribir---escriba, escribas, escriba, escribamos, escriban
subjunctive irregular
conocer---conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcan decir--diga, digas, diga, digamos,digan hacer--haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagan oír--oiga,oigas,oiga,oigamos,oigan poner--ponga, pongas,ponga,pongamos,pongan seguir--siga, sigas,siga,sigamos,sigan tener--tenga,tengas,tenga,tengamos,tengan traer--traiga,traigas,traigamos,traigan ver--vea,veas,vea,veamos,vean
subjunctive with stem changes
pensar--piense, pienses,piense,pensemos,piensen jugar- -juegue, juegues,juegue,juguemos,jueguen mostrar-muestre,muestres,muestre,mostremos,muestren entender--entienda,entiendas,entienda,entendamos ,entiendan pedir--pida,pidas,pida,pidamos,pidan sentir--sienta,sientas,sienta,sintamos,sientan dormir-duerma,duermas,duramos,duerman
more irregular...
dar- dé, des, dé,demos, den estar- esté, estés, esté,estemos,estén ir-vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan saber--sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos,sepan ser-sea,seas,sea,seamos,sean
verbs and expressions of will and influence
aconsejar-to advise desear-to desire;to wish es importante-it's important es necesario-it's necessary es urgente-it's urgent exigir-to demand gustar-to like hacer-to make importar-to be important insistir en-to insist (on) mandar-to order necesitar- to need oponerse a-to oppose pedir-to ask for; to request preferir- tp prefer prohibir- to prohibit proponer-to propose querer-to want recomendar-to recommend rogar-to beg;to plead sugerir-to suggest ex:) El médico siempre me recomienda que deje de fumar. The doctor always recommends that I quit smoking
when the subject of the main (independent) clause of a sentence exerts influence or will on the subject of the subordinate clause, the verb in the subordinate clause takes the subjunctive
main clause+connector+ subordinate clause Yo quiero+que+tú vayas al médico
if there is no change in the subject, then the infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used w/ verbs & expressions of will and influence
Quiero ir a Bogota en junio. I want to go to Bogota in June. (the "que" is unnecessary in this case) Prefiero que vayas en agosto. I prefer that you go in August.
more verbs and expressions of will and influence
alegrarse (de)- to be happy (about) es bueno-it's good es extraño-it's strange es malo- it's bad es mejor- it's better es ridículo- it's ridiculous es terrible- it's terrible es una lástima- it's a shame es una pena- it's a pity esperar- to hope; to wish gustar-to like; to be pleasing molestar- to bother sentir- to be sorry; to regret sorprender- to surprise temer-to fear tener miedo a/de- to be afraid (of) ex:) Espero que te recuperes pronto. I hope you recover quickly
when the main clause implies doubt, uncertainty, or denial, the verb subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause.
No creo que él nos quiera engañar. I don't believe that he wants to deceive us. Dudan que el jarabe sea un buen remedio. They doubt that the syrup will be a good remedy.
verbs and expressions of doubt and denial
dudar- to doubt es imposible- it's impossible es improbable- it's improbable es poco seguro- it's uncertain (no) es posible- it's (not) possible (no) es probable- it's (not) probable negar- to deny no creer- not to believe no es evidente- it's not evident no es seguro- it's not certain no es verdad/cierto- it's not true no estar seguro de-not to be sure (of)
the infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of doubt or denial if there is no change in the subject of the sentence.
Es imposible viajar hoy. It's impossible to travel today. Es improbable que él viaje hoy. It's unlikely that he would travel today. notice the difference. the first one has no "que"
formal commands (mandatos) are used to give orders or advice to people you address as usted or ustedes. Their forms are identical to the present subjunctive forms for usted and ustedes
tomar-- tome (uds.), tomen (uds.) volver- vuelva (ud.), vuelvan (uds.) salir- salga(ud.), salgan (uds.)
Familiar commands are used with people you address as tú. Affirmative tú commands have the same form as the él,ella, and usted form of the present indicative. Negative tú commands have the same form as the tú form of the present subjunctive.
Viajar- viaja (affirmative), no viajes(negative) empezar- empieza (aff.), no empieces (neg.) pedir- pide (aff.), no pidas (neg.)
these verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. Their negative forms are still the same as their tú form of the present subjunctive
decir- di hacer-haz ir-ve poner- pon salir-sal ser- sé tener- ten venir- ven
Nosotros commands are used to give orders or suggestions that include yourself as well as other people. In spanish, nosotros commands correspond to the english "let's + verb". Affirmative and negative nosotros commands are generally indentical to the forms of the present subjunctive
bailar- bailemos (aff.), no bailemos (neg) beber- bebamos(aff.), no bebams (neg) abrir- abramos (aff.), no abramos (neg) Irregular-- ir/irse---vamos/vámonos negative commands are reg.-- no vayamos/ no nos vayamos
uses of para
destination- El cirugano sale de su casa PARA la clínica a las ocho. The surgeon leaves his house at 8 to go to the clinic. deadline or a specific time in the future- El resultado del análisis va a estar listo para mañana. The results of the analysis will be ready by tomorrow. Goal(para+infinitive)- El doctor usó un termómetro para ver si el niño tenía fiebre. The doctor used a thermometer to see if they boy had a fever. Purpose (para+ noun)- El investigador descubrió una cura para la enfermedad. The researcher discovered a cure for the illness. comparison with others or opinion- For her age, she enjoys very good health. employment- My son works for a pharmaceuitcal company.
expressions with para
no estar para bromas- to be in no mood for jokes no ser para tanto- to not be so important para colmo- to top it all off para que- so that para que sepas- just so you know para siempre- forever
uses of por
motion or a general location( along, through, around, by)- I broke my leg running through the park. duration of an action- He was in bed for two months. reason/motive for an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of)- She prayed for her sick child. object of a search- The nurse went for a thermometer. means by which (by, by way of, by means of)- I consulted with the doctor by phone. exchange or substitution- We changed from that treatment to a new one. unit of measure- I have to take the pills five times per day. agent (passive voice)- The new public health policy was announced by the press.
expressions with por
por ahora- for the time being por allí/aquí- around there/here por casualidad- by chance/ accident por cierto- by the way por Dios- for God's sake por ejemplo- for example for escrito- in writing por eso- therefore; for that reason por fin- finally por lo general- in general por lo menos- at least por la tanto- therefore por lo visto- apparently por más/mucho que- no matter how much por otro lado/otra parte- on the other hand por primera vez- for the first time por si acaso- just in case por supuesto- of course
preterite of regular verbs
comprar- compré, compraste, compró, compramos, comparon vender- vendí, vendiste, vendió, vendimos, vendieron abrir- abrí, abriste, abrió, abrimos, abrieron Ayer empecé un nuevo trabajo. Yesterday I started a new job. Mi mama preparó una cena delciosa. My mom prepared a delicious dinner.
-car, -gar, -zar, caer, creer, leer, oír, construir, incluir- preterite
spelling change in the yo form buscar- busqué llegar- llegué empezar- empecé other changers caer- caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, cayeron creer- creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron leer- leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron oír- oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oyeron and more... construir- construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construyeron incluir- incluí, incluiste, incluyó, incluimos, incluyeron etc... pedir- pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron dormir- dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, durmieron
irregular preterite
andar-anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron estar-estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron poder-pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron saber- supe, supiste, supo, supimos,supieron tener- tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron hacer-hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron querer- quise, quiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron venir- vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron conducir- conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron decir- dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijieron traer- traje, trajiste,trajo,trajimos,trajeron
words and expressions associated with the preterite
anoche anteayer ayer la semana pasada una vez dos veces
imperfect of regular verbs
caminar- caminaba, caminabas, caminaba,caminábamos, caminaban deber- debía, debías, debía, debíamos, debían abrir- abría, abrías, abríamos, abrían
ir, ser, and ver are the only irregular verbs in the imperfect
ir- iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban ser- era, eras, era, éramos, eran ver- veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían
the imperfect of hay is había
Había tres cajeros en el supermercado. There were three cashiers in the supermarket.
these words and expressions are often used with the imperfect because they express habitual or repeated actions
de niño- as a child todos los días- every day mientras- while siempre-always De niño, vivía en un barrio en Madrid. Todos los días iba a la casa de mi abuela. Siempre escuchaba música meintras corría en el parque.

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