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Terms
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- puritans
- those protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas
- the peace of augsburg
- ended religous warfare in germany in 1555
- time of troubles
- the time following ivan's dynasty. a period of anarchy
- price revolution
- a dramatic rise in prices (inflation). A major problem in europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
- henry of navarre
- succeeded to the throne as Henry IV In 1589
- absolutism
- ultimate authority in the states rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to ruleby divine rights
- peace of westphalia
- officially ended The war in germany in 1648 stated that all german states, including Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion
- frederick william
- laid the foundation for the prussian state
- peter the great
- wanted to westernize europe
- the stuart line of rulers
- began with accession to the throne of elizabeth's cousin, the king of Scotland, who became James I of England
- john knox
- the successful Calvinist reformer of Scotland
- ulrich zwingli
- was a priest in Zurich where his preaching of the gospel causes such unrest that the city council in 1523 held a public debate btw zwingli's supporters and the Catholics. Zwingli won and cause of this over the new two years the city council introduced religious reforms in Zurich
- predestination
- the belief that god, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned
- abstenteeism
- chronic absence from one's duties; this practice of church officeholders who ignored their duties and paid subordinates to run their offices (often badly), contributed to the dissatisfaction that led to the Reformation
- boyars
- russian nobility
- ulrich zwingli
- was a priest in Zurich where his preaching of the gospel causes such unrest that the city council in 1523 held a public debate btw zwingli's supporters and the Catholics. Zwingli won and cause of this over the new two years the city council introduced religious reforms in Zurich
- william the silent of nassau
- helped to organize the revolt against King Philip II in the northern provinces
- jean-baptise colbert
- controller general of finances
- ultra-catholics
- an extreamly catholic party that favored strict opposition to the hugenots
- john calvin
- the leader of sweedish protestanism once zwingli died
- elizabeth tudor
- daughter of henry VIII and anne Boleyn. came to the throne In 2558
- desiderius erasmus
- His handbook of the Christian knight showed his concern with religion. a christian humanist.
- Ignatius of Loyola
- founded the society of jesus
- pluralism
- the holding of many church offices
- micheal romanov
- became tsar in 1613. this ended time of troubles
- toleration act of 1689
- granted puritans the right of free public worship. catholics were excluded from this right.
- Ignatius of Loyola
- founded the society of jesus
- martin luther
- a man in Germany who split with the catholic church and in so doing destroyed the religious unity of the western Christian world
- valois monarchy
- was strongly catholic
- divine right of kings
- the belief that kings receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God
- hugenots
- French Calvinists
- ivan IV the terrible
- expanded the territories of russia eastward and crushed the power of the boyars
- the thirty years' war
- the "last of the religious wars" began in 1618 ended in 1648 was a struggle between catholic forces, led by the habsburg holy roman emperors, and protestant (primarily Calvinist) nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against habsburg authority and a conflict between france and the rulers of spain and the holy roman empire for European leadership
- oliver cromwell
- the only real military genius of the civil war between the Royalists and the Roundheads
- hEnry VIII
- closed about four hundred religious houses and their land and possessions were taken by him.
- predestination
- the belief that god, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned
- tsar
- russian word for Caser
- witchcraft
- the practice of sorcery or magic, that was once a part of traditional village culture but was denounced as heresy by the catholic church in the middle ages
- charles V
- wanted to keep control of the rule of his dynasty over his enormous empire and to preserve the unity of his empire in the catholic gaith.
- armada
- fleet of warships
- king philip II
- The greatest supporter of militant Catholicism in the second half of the sixteenth century
- mercantilism
- a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century
- hEnry VIII
- closed about four hundred religious houses and their land and possessions were taken by him.
- cardinal richelieu
- Louis XIII's chief minister
- favorable balance of trade
- nations tried to have this which is when the goods they exported were og greater value then those imported
- edict of nantes
- recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but also gave the Huguenots the right to enjoy all political privileges such as holding public offices
- john calvin
- the leader of sweedish protestanism once zwingli died
- gentry
- well-to-do landowners below the level of nobility
- cardinal mazarin
- became chief minister of Louis XIV in 1643 cause louis was only four
- edict of worms
- declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor
- the house of commons
- the lower house of Parliament
- john knox
- the successful Calvinist reformer of Scotland