Bio Exam #1

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Terms

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Health: -Relative equilibrium in which body systems are functioning adequately
Wellness: -State of good physical, mental, and emotional health
-proper diet and exercise habits
-physical health and emotional well being
Nutrition: -Impacts health and wellness greatly
-diet affects energy levels and overall health
Food Pyramid: -Shows what you should and should not eat
Fiber: -doesn't just keep you "regular"
-removes fats and cholestorol
-decreases risk of heart attacks, strokes, and anerisms.
Cholesterol: -not a fat - is and alcohol
-good and bad kinds
-can be used to create horemones and steroids
HDL: -High Density Lipoprotein
-small fatty globs
-not very bad
LDL: -Low Density Lipoprotein
-really bad
-"large hackin chunks of fatty goodness"
-can block veins & arteries
Aerobic Exercise: -forces lungs to circulate to your body, inproves efficiently
-strengthens lungs and heart
Anaerobic Exercise: -focuses on specific muscles to increase their size
- strength and endurance, doesn't get you in shape
-increases bone density
Homeostasis: relatively steady state maintained within our bodies despite the constantly occuring changes
Disease: -state of functional disquilibrium that may be resolved by recovery of death
Signs of Diseases: -Evidence of a disease observed in a physical exam
-Example: strep throat signs include white blisters, fever, ect.
Symptoms of Diseases: -Perception of a disease by a patient
-Example: strep throat symptoms include tired, chills, throat hurts, ect.
Etiology: -the cause of disease
-includes genetics, infections (virus/bacteria), and enviornmental exposure (skin cancer/genetic mutations).
Epidemiology: studies incidents distribution and contrion of diseases in a group
-looks at factors that influences disease (age, sex, occupation, geography)
Pathogenesis: -Source of an illness/disease and its development
-Example: food poisening.
Idiopathic: -The cause of a disease unknown
-Example: spinobifida - was a mystery until it was linked to a lack of folic acid in mother.
Hypertrophy: -Enlargement of an organ or body part
Atrophy: -A decrease in size of an organ or body part.
Diagnosis: -Determination of the nature of a disease
Prognosis: -Predicted course or outcome of a disease.
Acute: -Sudden onset and short term or duration
-Example: the flu
Chronic: -long lived or slow developming
-Example: mesothlelioma (sp?)
Defense mechanisms against pathogens - what are the three levels of defense?: -1st line of defense: Physical and chemical barriers
-2nd line of defense:
Nonspecific (innate) defense mechanisms. Occur in response to any kind of challenge - do not target specific pathogens
-3rd line of defense:
Specific defense mechanisms-Immune responses. Cells, proteins and lymphatic system work together to detect and kill pathogens and abnormal body cells.
Physical/chemical barriers -what do tears and saliva have to protect body?: -Intact skin is best barrier against entry in body
-Tears and saliva contain lysozyme - kills bacteria cell walls
-Mucus traps pathogens
-Vomiting, urination, and defecation get pathogenic microorganisms from body.
Phagocytosis: -Process where bacteria are 'eaten' by neutrophils and macrophages
Natural Killer cells: -cells that destroy tumor cells and host cells infected by viruses
Interferons: -Something that accects the virus' ability to produce a cell wall
Fever: -Increase in body temperature that gives the body an advantage over the virus/bacteria in body.
-increases metabolic rate of body cells -speeds up defense mechanisms and tissue repair
Inflammatory response -What is the inflammatory response? -What are the 4 outward signs of the inflammatory response? -What is release from the cells that causes this response? -What destroys microorganisms at the site of injury: -when tissue infury triggers a response that prevents damage from spreading, disposes of debris and pathogens and helps tissue repair
-4 signs of inflammatory response: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
-tissue damage causes release of histamine from cells. Histamine causes vasodilation and increases blood vessel permeability
-Phagocytes engulf and desroy microorganisms and debris at site of injury
Natural Killer Cells (NK) -What kind of cells are NK cells? -What do NK cells do?: -NK cells are Lymphocytes that recognize tumor cells or infected cells with viruses
-NK cells release chemicals that causes holes in the membrane of infected cell, so the cell dies
-NK cells secrete chemicals that enhance the inflammatory resoponse.
Complement system: -Group of 20 plasma proteins that assist with defencse mechanisms
- actions activated by complement proteins
-creates holes in bacterial cell walls
-binds to bacterial membranes and mark them for phagocytes
-stimulates release of histamine by mast cells
-attracts phagocytes to infection site (chemotaxis)
Immune Cells - B lymphocytes: B lyphocytes
-mature in bone barrow
-Responsible for anitbody-mediated (humoral) immunity
Immune Cells - T lymphocytes: T Lyphocytes
-mature in thymus gland but produced in bone marrow
-resonsible for cell mediated immunity
-Several types: helper,cytoxic, and suppressor
Antibody-mediated immunity: -Maturing B-cells develope surface receptors taht allow them to recognize specific antigens (Ag)
-Binding to specific Ag to surface receptor activates B cell, which divides rapidly to produce clone of identical cells
Many B cells become memory cells that can recognize same Ag at 2nd exposure
IdG - Antigen presenting Cells: IdG: most common antigen producing cells
T cells -Different types (remember the bar scene): -Have special surgace receptors that enable them to ID and bond to Ag fragments
-2 types:
CD4 = T Helper Cells
CD8 = T cytotoxic (surpressor cell)

Helper T cells stimulate other immune cells, including B cells (tattle tail)

Cytotoxic directly attack and destroy foreign cells by secreting proteing called perforin -makes holes in cell membrane. (Bouncer)

Suppressor T cells slow down immune responses after Af has been destroyed (manager at bar)
Primary v Secondary Response: Obviously, the secondary responce is much faster.
Immunization: Can be passive of active
-passive - involves getting anitbodies from another organism
-active- involves being exposed to Ag naturally or through vaccines
Vaccines in Development: -Meningitis
-Human Papilloma virus =genital warts
-Chlamydia
-AIDS
-Streptococcus group a = skin and throat infections
-Streptococcus group b = meningitis in newborns.
Transplant rejection: Transplants from another person can be rejected if donor tissue is not closely matched to recipient MHC proteins
-Immune system must be suppressed with drugs so Cytotoxic T cells don't attack transplant
-key to successful translant is to suppress immune system so that it won't attack transplant but will stll function to protect the body.

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