Voting Methods
review types of voting methods
Terms
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- critical voter
- coalition can not win without this voter
- upper quota
- the standard quota is rounded up to the nearest whole number
- can split electoral votes
- what is unique about Nebraska & Maine's method for electoral votes
- Jefferson's Method
- 1. Find a modified divisor, such that when each group's modified quota is rounded down, the sum will be the number of items to be apportioned. 2. Apportion to each group its modified lower quota
- quota
- number of votes necessary to win in a system
- Independence-of-Irrelevant-Alternatives
- if nonwinners are removed from the ballot the winning candidate is still the winner
- Quota Rule
- A group's apportionment should be either its upper quota or lower quota
- senators + Representatives
- number of electoral votes per state
- plurality-with-elimination
- the winner is determined with the most votes, if it is not a majority, the candidate with the lowest total is thrown out and this continues until a candidate receives a majority
- coalition
- set of voters that vote the same way
- pairwise comparison
- a candidate receives a point for each head to head match up he wins. candidate with the most total points wins
- Hamilton's Method
- 1. Calculate the group's standard quota. 2. Round each standard quota down to the nearest whole number 3. Surplus items are given to the groups with the largest decimal parts, one at a time, until there are no surplus items
- House of Representatives
- who elects president if there is a tie in the electoral college
- 270
- majority of electoral votes
- Borda count
- candidates are ranked and points are awarded according to rank. the candidate with the most points wins
- California
- state with the most electoral votes
- majority criterion
- over half of the voters must rank the winning candidate first
- Standard Quota
- Found by dividing that group's population by the standard divisor
- monotonicity
- if a candidate wins and in a reelection all voters change their votes to that candidate, that candidate still wins
- 538
- number of electoral votes
- Apportionment Problem
- Method for rounding standard quotas into whole numbers so that the sum of the numbers is the total number of allocated items
- Alabama Paradox
- An increase in the total number of items to be apportioned results in the loss of an item for a group.
- weights
- amount of votes controlled by each voter
- veto power
- a voter can prevent the passage of a motion by himself
- dictator
- one person is in control of the results of an election
- Population Paradox
- Group A loses items to group B, even though group A grew at a faster rate than that of group B.
- Balinski and Young's Impossibility Theorem
- There is no perfect apportionment method. Any apportionment method that does not violate the quota rule must produce paradoxes, and any apportionment method that does not produce paradoxes must violate the quota rule.
- winning coalition
- coalition with weight greater than the quota
- plurality method
- the candidate with the most votes wins
- 5
- number of electoral votes for Nebraska
- lower quota
- the standard quota is rounded down to the nearest whole number
- New-States Paradox
- The addition of a new group changes the apportionments of other groups
- Condorcet's, head - to - head
- if a candidate beats all others in head to head competition, he must win
- Webster's Method
- 1. Find a modified divisor such that when each group's quota is rounded to the nearest whole number, the sum of the whole numbers for all the groups is the number of items to be apportioned. 2. Apportion to each group its modified quota
- Adam's Method
- 1. Find a modified divisor such that when each group's modified quota is rounded up to the nearest whole number, the sum of the whole numbers for all the groups is the number of items to be apportioned. 2. Apportion to each group its modified upper quota
- Arrow's impossibility theorem
- no voting method can simultaneously satisfy all criterion
- Standard Divisor
- found by dividing the total population under consideration by the number of items to be allocated