Bio Midterm
CHS 9th grade bio midterm
Terms
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- electron transport chain
- A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
- cancer
- any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
- cytoskeleton
- a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
- carrier protein
- Transport protein that carries products from one side to the other side of the cell.
- diffusion
- movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
- activation energy
- the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur
- resolution
- the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
- central vacuole
- a large membrane sac containg fluid that stores proteins and metabolic waste
- receptor protein
- protein that binds to specific signal molecules causing the cell to respond
- interphase
- the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions
- golgi apparatus
- Sorting, packaging, transporting
- cell cycle
- The different stages a cell goes through in its life
- aerobic
- depending on free oxygen or air
- prokaryote
- a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei
- crossing over
- the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
- krebs cycle
- in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
- cell wall
- a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
- cilium
- a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell
- organelle
- a specialized part of a cell
- chromatid
- one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
- Baceriophage
- Eat bacteria
- spindle
- (biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
- independent assortment
- the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
- element
- any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
- ribosome
- small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus
- cell membrane
- a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
- fertilization
- creation by the physical union of male and female gametes
- Reproduction
- the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring
- zygote
- the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)
- exocytosis
- Transportaion of material from inside the cell to outside
- concentration gradient
- the path molecules travel when an imbalance between separated molecule concentrations exists
- lipid
- an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
- karyotype
- the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
- carbohydrate
- an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals
- ovum
- the female reproductive cell
- compound
- (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
- Metabolism
- the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
- cell
- (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
- photosynthesis
- plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates
- energy
- (physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work
- clone
- a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction
- evolution
- (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
- anaerobic
- living or active in the absence of free oxygen
- life cycle
- a series of stages through which an organism passes between recurrences of a primary stage
- ion
- a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
- DNA
- (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
- Biology
- the science that studies living organisms
- deoxyribose
- A five-carbon sugar found in DNA.
- cell theory
- (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms
- binary fission
- a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
- carotenoid
- any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals
- endocytosis
- the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
- isotonic solution
- when the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of disolved substances inside the cell
- heterotroph
- an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition
- endoplasmic reticulum
- extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell
- calvin cycle
- uses ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars, no light
- equilibrium
- equality of distribution
- glycolysis
- 1st step in realeasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
- Gene
- (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain
- meiosis
- (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
- spermatogenesis
- development of spermatozoa
- lipid bilayer
- structure of membrane, two sheets of lipid molcules with tails pointed inward, proteins embedded in bilayer (serve as channels) along with carbohydrate molecules (id markers - recognition)
- diploid
- (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
- sporophyte
- the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
- nadph
- electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis
- autotroph
- plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances
- phospholipids
- fundamental component of biological membranes; biological membranes are fairly fluid and semi-permiable
- RNA
- (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes
- light microscope
- microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object
- Homeostasis
- metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
- pigment
- What's developed in the thylakoid; the substance that makes the leaves green (hint: not clorophyll)
- gene
- (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain
- lactic acid
- when a muscle continues to burn sugar but doesn't have eough oxygent do it properly and becomes sore
- homologous chromosome
- A member of a chromosome pair, both of which are similar in shape, size, and the genes they carry
- DNA replication
- the process of making a copy of DNA
- mutation
- (biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration
- double helix
- a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis
- magnification
- the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object
- substrate
- the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction without the fusion of gametes
- scanning tunneling microscope
- microscope that measures differences in voltage of electrons leaving the surface of an object and creates a three-dimensional image of the object; can be used to study living organisms
- hypertonic solution
- when the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher compared to that in the cytoplasm inside the cell, and the cell shrivels
- ion channel
- integral membrane proteins forming pores that mediate rapid changes in potential difference.
- hypotonic solution
- when the concentration of the solute inside the cytoplasm is higher compared with that outside of the cell, and the cell swells
- cytoplasm
- a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
- carbon dioxide fixation
- process by which carbon dioxide in incorporated into organic compounds
- heredity
- the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next
- fadh2
- electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle
- dependent variable
- (statistics) a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends in the independent variable
- electron microscope
- a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light
- passive transport
- transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion
- eukaryote
- an organism consisting of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane.
- nucleic acid
- (biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells
- amino acid
- The building block of proteins
- nucleotide
- The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
- fermentation
- a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances
- sexual reproduction
- reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete
- active transport
- to pump a molecule across a membrane agaist its gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy
- haploid
- (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
- cellular respiration
- the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules
- mitosis
- cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
- thylakoid
- A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
- osmosis
- diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
- nucleotide
- The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
- gamete
- a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
- ATP
- (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
- facilitated diffusion
- when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
- cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm during cell division
- molecule
- the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance
- nadh
- electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP
- flagellum
- a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)
- gametophyte
- the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
- mitochondrion
- uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds
- catalyst
- (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
- sodium potassium pump
- helps establish a difference in charge across the membrane (membrane potential) moves ions and molecules against the concentration gradient (takes energy)
- sex chromosome
- (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual
- chloroplast
- plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments
- chromosome
- a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
- centromere
- a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
- nucleus
- a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
- independent variable
- (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables
- enzyme
- any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
- chlorophyll
- any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms
- protein
- any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells
- spore
- a small usually single-celled reproductive body produced by many plants and some protozoans and that develops into a new individual
- atom
- (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
- lysosome
- the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolosis reactions that break down fats
- theory
- a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world
- autosome
- any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome