Orthopedics
Terms
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- vitamin D
- needed to absorb calcium; comes from milk and the sun
- articular cartilege
- protective/connective tissue lying on the ends of bones
- homeostasis of blood calcium
- occurs through ossification/remodeling; Ca is impt for heart and muscle function
- what leads to knee problems?
- lack of muscle strength (leads to injuries of ligaments); lack of flexibility (patella will rub on joint if too tight); lack of proper shoe/orthotics
- osteoclasts
- remodeling: when blood calcium level is low, these cells break down bone to release calcium and phosphorous
- back problems
- can be caused by poor muscular balance/strength in abdominals and erectors; poor posture due to fat in stomach region can lead to different curvature in lumbar region
- joint types (3)
- immovable (synarthrosis, skull); slightly movable (amphiarthrosis, pelvis); freely movable (diarthrosis, knee, elbow, hip)
- synovial membrane
- produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
- spinal column
- 33 vertebrae that protect the spinal cord
- osteoarthritis
- degeneration of articular cartilege; ends of bone exposed; calcium spurs accumulate; very painful when rubbing on bone; cause is unknown; most likely environmental factors
- osteoblasts
- ossification; when blood calcium levels are high, these cells deposit calcium and phosphosous into the bone
- epiphysis
- ends of bones
- back make-up
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
- bone f(x)s-5
- support the body in an upright position; protect organs; movement; mineral storage (calcium makes up the matrix of bones that gives it its rigidity); production of blood cells
- causes of osteoperosis (9)
- lack of estrogen (stimulates the osteoblasts to store more calcium); dietary calcium deficiency; lack of exercise (weight training stimulates osteoblasts to lay down bone to strengthen it); excessive protein intake (in post menopausal women); excessive alcohol intake (is a diuretic, calcium is excreted); smoking (decreases activity of osteoblasts); diabetes; medications (that are diuretics); lack of vitamin D
- diaphysis
- shaft or long part of the bone; contains marrow
- ligaments
- connect bone to bone
- patella
- sits on top of the knee joint and protects it
- periosteum
- outside layer that covers the bone; white shiny substance
- rheumatoid arthritis
- genetically inherited arthritis; autoimmune disease (attacks the joint tissue and causes inflammation of the synovial membrane and the formation of pannus); can improve through diet and exercise; omega 3 fatty acids may help due to its effect on the immune system
- knee parts (6)
- patella, articular cartilege, meniscus, ligaments, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
- synovial fluid
- lubricates joints
- epiphysial plate
- where bones lengthen during growth phase (once maturation is reached, the epiphysial plate closes and bones stop growing, but undergo remodeling continuously)
- osteoperosis
- excessive loss of calcium from the bones; blood cacium levels are depleted and bones lose their mineral mass, becomming progressively porus and vulnerable to fracture; common in older women
- meniscus
- sponge like tissue for shock absorbtion
- how many people does arthritis affect?
- 40 million in the US
- bone parts (6)
- articular cartilage; epiphysis; epiphysal plate; periosteum; diaphysis; marrow
- solutions to back problems
- strengthen abs and lose abdominal fat; strengthen lower back muscles; incorporate flexibiity in back exercises
- fibrous capsole
- encloses entire knee joint
- Gouty arthritis
- result of uric acid crystal deposits on joints (result of DNA breakdown); genetic link; big toe most often affected; dietary factors seem to exacerbate the problem if people have a genetic predisposition; red wine and tomatoes increase production; regular exercise and diet lower uric acid production
- remodeling
- bone is continually being broken down and rebuilt; strength depends on osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- pinched nerves
- due to ruptured/herneated disk that leads to bones pinching the nerves