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T score: std score transformed to fit normal curve distibution; m = 50; SD = 10
tardive dyskinesia (TD): nonreversible involuntary movement d/o; results from dopamine hypersensitivity after long-term tx w/ neuroleptics; freq. involve tongue, jaw, facial movements; risk increases w/ age and incr. dosage
task analysis: rehab procedure; a task's demands (physical, cog., social) are analyzed in order to determine the area of breakdown and to target an intervention
Tay-Sachs disease: genetic d/o (autosomal recessive) affects primarily children of Eastern European Jewish descent; initial signs--poor visual fixation, increased startle response after birth, followed by psychomotor delay, motor regression; usu. fatal by 3-5 yrs.
telencephalon: the cerebral hemispheres; the anterior of the two divisions of the prosencephalon
temporal gradient: higher likelihood of memory loss for events more proximal in time to neurological insult or disease; also present in normal aging
tentorium: portion of the dura covering the posterior fossa; attached to the falx; separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes
thalamic syndrome: combo. of superficial persistent hemianesthesia, mild hemiataxia, variable astereognosis, mild hemiplegia; severe pains in the hemiplegic side; choreo-athetoid movements in the limbs of paralyzed side
thalamic syndrome is aka...: Dejerine-Roussy syndrome
thalamotomy: surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease; involves lesioning thalamus; disrupts overexcitation involved in many PD sx
thalamus: nuclei involved particularly with sensory relay from cerebellum & basal ganglia projections to cerebral cortex
the thalamus forms part of the lateral wall of what area?: the third ventricle
lesions in the thalamus may produce what types of sx?: sensory deficits in particular, as well as possible aphasia, executive dysfx, memory impairment
thrombolytic therapy: acute tx of ischemic stroke; uses agents to dissolve clots that obstruct cerebral arteries; may decrease neurologic impairment if used promptly
thrombosis, cerebral: occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel by a clot of solidifed blood
where do thrombi usually occur?: at the site of a pre-existing stenosis of an artery
tic: involuntary stereotyped movements; usu. resemble purposeful movements as they are coordinated, involve muscles that typically work synergistically; most often involve face/shoulder regions
Todd's paralysis: temporary postepileptic hemiplegia or monoplegia; post seizure; usu. lasts few minutes but up to 48 hrs poss.; nature of impairment varies by site of seizure activity in cortex
topectomy: resection of a small area of cortex
top-of-the-basilar syndrome: condition resulting from emboli that pass through basilar artery and block thalamoperforant arteries; abnormalities result in visual, oculomotor, behavioral fxs, but not significantly in motor fxs; memory impairment also common, though not to same degree as with hippocampal infarction
toxic-metabolic encephalopathy: cond. assoc. w/ systemic d/o's of intoxication or metabolism; commonly charr. by altered mental status; freq. cause of confusion in elderly; commonly fluctuates w/ heightened sx in evening ("sundowning")
toxomplasmosis: opportunistic infections that may be congenital or acquired (through contact with cat feces, or in association w/ AIDS, e.g.)
what are common NP and CT findings with toxoplasmosis?: confusion with generalized subacute encephalophathy, possible language impairment; CT image usually shows a ring-enhancing lesion usu. assoc. w/ brain abscesses
transient global amnesia (TGA): sudden acute amnesia, typically benign & resolves in <24 hrs; may involve subcortical structures--ischemia or partial seizures, etiology is debated; involves disorientation, anterograde amnesia, dense retrograde amnesia that may extend back several months; often preceded by sudden body change (e.g. cold shower, strong emot. exp.)
transient ischemic attack (TIA): focal neurological dysfx (e.g. hemiplegia) w/ rapid onset; attributable to blood vessel disease; resolves in <24 hrs; last ca. 5-10 minutes;possible harbinger of future CVA if untreated, as it indicates atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease.
two measures for assessing severity of a TBI are:: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and duration of loss of consciousness (LOC)
TBIs with what GCS rating range, LOC duration are considered mild?: GCS = 13-15, LOC up to 20 minutes
What other criteria are expected if a TBI is categorized as mild?: No focal neurologic deficits; no focal radiologic evidence of injury; post-traumatic amnesia must be less than or equal to 24 hrs; also see post-concussion syndrome
What is the GCS rating range assoc. with moderate TBI?: GCS = 9-12
What is the GCS rating range assoc. with severe TBI?: GCS = 3=8
Name 4 tricyclics: amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin, imipramine (MNEMONIC = ANDI)
What tricylic is sometimes used for OCD?: imipramine
What is the special dietary restriction associatiated with tricyclics?: None. Trick question: many food are restricted with MAOI use to prevent hypertensive crisis
Trisomy: genetic abnormality; rather than a pair of chromosomes there are 3
Trisomy 21: see Down syndrome
tuberous sclerosis: congenital; sclerotic masses (scarring due to glial overgrowth) form in cerebral cortex, usu. resulting in MR and epilepsy; also results in adenoma sebaceum (nodules on face)
Turner's syndrome: chromosomal condition in females aka XO syndrome (one of X chromosomes is absent)
What are the medical & cognitive effects of Turner's syndrome?: IQ typically normal, short stature, infertility; no consensus on cog. effect though some mention social cognition issues
twilight state: temporary impaired consciousness; pt may act involuntairy w/o recalling; may be seen following anesthesia
two-route model: language processing theory; holds that there are 2 separate means of successful lang. production; reading--sound out vs. sight read; writing--spell phonetically vs. from memorized vocab
Type I error: say s.t. has an experimental effect when it really has none; i.e. reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is correct
Type II error: say s.t. has no experimental effect when it does; i.e. retain null hypothesis when it should be rejected
Type I error and Type II error are aka:: alpha error and beta error, respectively
U fibers: short cortical fibers; they connect cortical gyri that are adjacent to e/o
UBO: identified bright object; refers to hyperintense white matter foci on MRIs (T2-weighted); may be due to white matter pallor, infarction, ischemia, plaques or other causes
ultrasound helps i.d. what in neurology? uses what type of technology?: reveals degree of vessel stenosis (and likelyl location of cerebrovascular disease) through Doppler technology
where is the uncus? and near what pole?: parahippocampal gyrus (anterior end); near temporal pole
the uncus is a landmark for whatt?: the lateral olfactory area
unilateral neglect: tendency to fail to attend to info. in the hemispace contralateral to lesion
unilateral neglect is usu. assoc. with lesions in which hemisphere?: RH
upper motor neurons consitute the primary motor ________ pathway: output
trace the pathway of upper motor neurons: originate in the _____ ______; pass through the ______ _________; and descend the ______ _____ as the _______ tract: originate in the precentral gyrus; pass through the medullary pyramids; and descend the spinal cord as the corticospinal tract
upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons where?: in the spinal cord, at which point LMNs carry info to the periphery
upper motor neuron lesions result in:: spastic hemiplegia or hemiparesis; hypertonicity
utilization behavior: inclination to handle objects w/in reach whether or not related to the task at hand
pts showing utilization bx appear complelled to use objects in front of them. this bx is associated with _______ lesions: bilateral frontal, especially inferior
utilization bx is a characteristic of _____________ syndrome: environmental dependency syndrome
vagus nerve stimulation: pacemaker-like device delivers electrical pulses; attached to the vagus nerve
which nerve is the vagus nerve?: the 10th nerve
vagus nerve stimulation is used to treat what condition?: medically refractory epilepsy
validity refers to what?: degree to which a measure can be used in supporting a specific inference
is validity a property of a test?: no. validity is tied the inferences a test is used to support.
variance: measure's degree to which scores deviate from the mean.
the variance is the expected value of the ______ _______ b/w observations and the ________ of the distribution in the population.: squared difference; mean
How does one estimate the population variance in a sample?: 1. Compute the sum of squared deviations around the sample mean. 2. Divide this sum by n-1, where n = the number of observations.
cerebral ventricles: CSF-filled cavities in the brain that form a continuous space (i.e. are interconnected).
The largest ventricles are the ________ ventricles, which are paired. They can be divided into the anterior horn in the _____ lobe, the posterior horn in the ______ lobe, and the inferior horn that extends into the _____ lobe.: frontal, occipital, temporal
The 3rd ventricle is located in the midline between the two halves of the ___________.: diencephalon (inferior part of forebrain, composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, lenticular nucleus)
The medial surface of the __________ forms most of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle: the thalamus
the 3rd ventricle connects to the 4th ventricle at the top of the ______________ via the __________: mesencephalon; cerebral aqueduct
ventriculostomy: an operation to treat _____________; establishes free communication between the floor of the _________ ventricle and the underlying _____________: hydrocephalus; 3rd; interpeduncular cistern
verbal code: the linguistic representation of a word
verbal fluency tests-- while lesions in temporal and frontal lobes can affect both semantic and phonemic fluency, lesions in the temporal lobe are more strongly correlated with ______ deficits, while FL lesions correlate with ______ deficits: temporal: semantic (category)
frontal: both semantic and phonemic (letter)
Alzheimer's may be associated with greater ________ than ______ fluency: AD: semantic may be worse than phonemic. AD disease begins in middle region of brain before progressing anteriorly; in general temporal lobe deteriorates before frontal.
vigilance: ability to monitor over extended periods of time despite infrequent target stimuli
viscosity: refers to "sticky" interpersonal style; speech is repetitive, circumstantial, and prolonged
visual field defects: within a visual field, refers to areas of altered/diminished/absent vision
Besides lesions in the retina, visual field defects can result from lesions in 4 areas:: Optic nerve/tract, lateral Geniculate body, Geniculocalcarine pathway, Striate cortex (MNEMONIC: "GOGS", short for GOGgleS)
vitamine deficiency disorders typically involve those from the ______ group of vitamins: B
Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome results from lack of vitamin ____ aka _____: B1; thiamine
Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to ______ lesions, and may be associated with these sx:: white matter; mood disturbance, dementia, psychosis

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