Ap Euro Section 2
Terms
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- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Younger son of the King of Portugal, sponsored a navigational school in Lisbon and a series of expeditions
- Bartholomew Dias
- Portuguese captain who sailed arounf the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa in 1487
- Vasco de Gama
- Sailed from Portugal to India in 1498
- Christopher Columbus
- Genoese sailor who sailed West for Spain to find another route to Asia.
- Ferdinand Megellan
- in 1519 set out to circumnavigate the world, but died in the Philippines
- Hernan Cortes & the Aztec Empire
- Cortes landed in 1519 w/ 600 men; had cooperation of other natives under Aztec rule; Aztecs thought the Spanish were gods; Spanish claimed the Aztec Empire as New Spain in 1521
- Francisco Pizzaro & Incan Empire
- Pizzaro set out for Peru w/ 200 men; captured Chief Atahualpa; used him to ransom gold then killed him; by 1560s the Spanish stamped out last bit of resistance
- Haciendas
- plantaions set up by the Spanish in the New World which first had natives for labor then imported Africans
- monarchical states
- States were it was deemed that monichical power was God-gived and absolete
- Absolute power
- when there are no restrictions on a king or other monarch
- parliamentary institutions
- an assembly of nobles that restricted a monarch's power
- 3 Characteristics of new nation-states
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1.Growing Bureaucratization
2.Existence of a Permanent Mercenary Army
3.Growing need to tax - Treaty of Lodi (1455)
- Created an alliance between Milan and Naplesand included support of Florence; combined powers ensured outside powers wouldn't mess with Italy
- Savonarola (1452-1498)
- radical Dominican preacher who had led the Floentine people in expelling the Medici
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- wrote "the Prince" (1513)
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- King of Aragon and Queen of Castille; their marriage unified Spain and their combined armies drove out the Muslims in the south
- Charles V
- Grand son of Ferdinand and Isabella, who controlled a vast empire due to some well-planned marriages
- Philip II
- Son of Charles V, who recieved Spain and its holdings in the New World, plus s.Italy and the Netherlands when Charles abdicated
- Revolt in the Netherlands
- Revolt angainst the Spanish, caused by both religious and nationalistic ideas; rebels we aided by the British
- Spanish Armada
- a great fleet of Spanish war ships
- Golden Age
- sixteenth and early seventeenth ceturies (Spain)
- Cervantes (1547-1616)
- Spanish writer during Spain's golden age; wrote "Don Quixote"
- El Greco
- Greek born Spanish painter in Spain's golden age
- Price Revolution
- significant increase in prices in the Early Modern period
- Population growth between 1500-1700
- populations increased all over Europe which was important for economic productivity& greater need for food and resources
- Enclosure (and rural poverty)
- the gentry would gain community graizing lands for their own personal use
- Guild production-to-Capitalist entrepreneurs
- directed by the growth of population and expansion of markets; made new harships for guild members
- Peace of Augsburg (1555)
- signified the end of the religious wars in the time of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire
- Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
- War that lasted 30 years which marked one final attempt within the Holy Roman Empire, to creat a unified German state
- Edict of Restitution
- outlawed Calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire, and required Lutherans to turn over all property seixed since 1552
- Gustavus Adolphus
- King of Sweden who entered the 30 years war after the Edict of Restitution had been signed. (was interested in German territory along the Baltic)
- Peace of Westphalia (1648)
- marked the end of the 30 year war
- Catherine de Medici
- Mother of the French kings: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III
- St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
- Catherine de Medici had her son the king order the killing of many Huguenots, while the Huguenot aristocracy were all gathered for the wedding of a Burbon prince and the king's sister
- Henry IV (of Navarre)
- Burbon Prince who was named Hanry III's(the last Valois king) heir
- Edict of Nantes
- Passed by Henry IV, granted Huguenots freedom of worship and assembly as well as the right to maintain fortified towns
- Louis XIII
- Son of Hnery IV who had to take the throne a 9 years old
- Cardinal Richelieu
- served as a strong minister for the young king Louis XIII
- Louis XIV
- Son of Louis XIII who ahd to take the throne at age 5
- Cardinal Mazarin
- selected by Ann of Austria to be the regent during the childhood of Louis XIV; had a less politically sure hand than Richelieu
- Fronde
- a series of rebellions that came about as a result of Mazarin's political weakness
- divine right of kings
- political philosophy that kingship was God given and only God may take it away or may judge the king
- Versailles
- a giant palace Louis XIV had built 12 miles outside of Paris; it was for him and for the rest of the aristocracy
- Jean- Baptiste Colbert
- minister to Louis XIV who centralized the French economy by instituting mercantilism
- French East India Company
- Organixed by Colbert to compete with the commercial Dutch empire
- Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
- Louis XIV revocted the Edict of Nantes in order to eradicate Calvinsim in France; demolished Huguenot churches and schools and took away thier civil rights
- Wars of the Roses
- series of civil wars to determine which aristocratic fraction, York or Lancaster, would dominate the monarchy
- Tudor Dynasty & Bosworth Field
- The Tudor Dynasty was established by Henry Tudor who defeated Richard III in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field
- Henry VIII
- Son of Henry Tudor and took the crown after his father's death; also created the Church of England
- Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)
- Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boyln; strong ruler and said to be the greatest of all the Tudors
- Mary Queen of Scots
- Queen of Scotland and heir to the English throne until Elizabeth I ordered her execution
- James VI of Scotland, James I of England
- Cousin of Elizabeth I who took the throne after her death. Asserted his divine notion of kingship over parliament
- English Renaissance
- Age of cultural flourishing under Queen Elizabeth, after the conquest of the Spanish Armada. (included Shakespeare)
- Stuart Age and Puritans
- Radical Calvinists a.k.a Puritans emerged during the Stuart period. The puritans petitioned King James to eform the Church but he denied (Some Puritans left to found Plymouth)
- Charles I (r.1625-1641)
- Son of James I of England; like his father, felt that the Anglican Church provided the greatest stability for the state
- Archbiship Wiliiam Laud
- a member of the Arminian wing of the Anglican church who was named Archbishop of Canterbury by Charles I
- tonnage and poundage
- custom duties granted to the English Monarch for life by parliament, a custom dating back to the 15 century
- Petition of Rights
- put out by Parliament in 1628;stated that the king could not demand a loan w/out the consent of Parliament, there could't be imprisnoment w/out published cause, no housing of soldiers in private homes, &outlawed using martial law against civilians
- Ship money
- certain coastal cities were responsible for raising funds for naval defense in times of emergency
- Short and Long Parliaments
-
Short Parliament: in 1640 King Charles called parliament to grant money to put down the Scottish rebellion, dissolved after 3 weeks
Long Parliament:met for 20 years; called to raise funds to meet Scottish demands - The Grand Remonstrance & the English Revolution
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Grand Remonstrance: a list of 204 parliamentary grievances
English Revolution:Started when King Charles tried to seize 5 leaders or of the House of Commons and failed, then left London for Nottingham in 1642 - Oliver Cromwell
- Individual during the English Revolution who was more dedicated to creating a winning war policyand replaced early aristocratic leaders; created the New Model Army, and executed the king Charles when Cromwell defeated him
- Levellers and Diggers
- radical fractions within Cromwell's army who combined their radical religious beliefs with a call for a complete overhaul of English society
- Charles II
- Eldest son of the executed Charles I; faced with probles of monarchy vs. parliament& direction of the Church of England
- James II
- Catholic,younger brother of Charles II; faced with probles of monarchy vs. parliament& direction of the Church of England
- Test Act
- an English act that effectivly barred Catholics from serving as royal official or in the military
- Glorious Revolution: William and Mary
- William, the Statholder of the Netherlands and his wife, Mary, invaded England and jointly took the throne
- Bill of Rights (1689)
- 1.The power to suspend and dispense laws was declared illegal 2.Armies could not be raised w/out parliamentary conssent 3.Parliament elections were to be free of monarch interference4. Monarchs had to be Protestant and not Catholic
- The Act of Toleration (1689)
- Gave religious toleration to Protestant non-comformists(Protestants who weren't part of the Church of England) but not to Unitarians or Catholics
- Act of Settlement (1707)
- passed to prevent the Catholic Stuart line from occupying the English throne
- Act of Union (1707)
- marked the political unification of England and Scotland to create Great Britain
- Dutch Dominance and Bank of Amsterdam
-
Dutch became merchant and trading dominance due to its geographical position and its defeat of the Portugese fleet;
Bank of Amsterdam:founded in the early 17 centuryissued its own currency and increased the amount of available capital -
Franz Hals(c1580-1666)
Jan Vermeer(1632-1675)
Rembrandt (1606-1669) -
Franz Hals: Dutch painter from Haarlem
Jan Vermeer:painted genre scenes of everyday Dutch life
Rembrandt:influenced by the High Baroque style, painted "The Night Watch"