European Studies 2nd Semester

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Absolutism: This placed absolute or unlimited power in the monarch or his advisors.
Divine Right: A political idea that a monarch receives his/her power directly from God and are responsible to God alone.
Philip II: -He became Spain's most powerful king.
-The Prudent King
El Escorial: -royal court
-art gallery
-monastary
-tombs for spanish royalty.
Religious policies of Philip II: -Protestant minorities?
-Marranos-Jews converted to Christianity
-Moriscos-Muslims turned Christian
-Autos da fé-public ritual & execution
What event? 1569--Dutch--Philip II: Philip II tries to impose Catholicism on the Dutch. The Dutch revolt.
What event? 1581--Dutch--Philip II: The Dutch declare their independence.
With help of English "Sea Dogs" raided the Spanish Armada.
What event? 1586--English--Philip II: Philip II plans to attack England.
What event? 1568--England--Philip II: The Spanish Armada enter the English Channel, but is defeated via quicker ships, longer-range cannons, fireships.
Spanish Armada: A fleet of warships organized to carry out a mission.
1588 130 ships, 33,000 men.
What event marked the beginning of Spain's decline as a sea power?: Their defeat while attacking England in 1588.
Dates of the Tudor's Reign?: 1486-1603
Edward VI?: Henry VIII's only son
Henry VII?: First Tudor monarch
How did Henry VII rebuild & Improve England?: -Commerce
-improved foreign trade
-improved collection of taxes
-avoided wars.
Henry VIII?: The most powerful Tudor monarch.
Mary I ?: Became monarch after Edward VI.
Who married Mary I?: Philip II of Spain
Who did the Council of Nobles assist?: Elizabeth I
Council of Nobles--part 1: -directed proclimations
-handled foreign trade
-supervised the admin of justice, regula- tions, prices and wages.
Council of Nobles--part 2: -enforcing the Queen's laws.
-on local level, unpaid position, usually well-respected member of community.
Justice of the Peace: -maintain the peace
-collection of taxes
-keep the government informed of local problems.
Austria 1740: Maria Theresa becomes
Empress of Austria
Maria Theresa of Austria: Empress of Austria in 1740
In 1718, why did Charles VI convene with the monarchs of Europe?: 1. To promise not to divide the Hapsburg empire.
2. To accept a female successor to Austrian Throne.
Pragmatic Sanction: Royal decree having the force of law.
What were Maria Theresa's accomplishments?: -strengthen AUS central government
-reorganized the bureaucracy
-improved tax collection, built roads
-encouraged trade,exports w/Bohemia
-used gov't $$ to boost textiles/glass
Fredrick II?: Emperor of Prussia.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle -what year? -what did it end? -why was it important?: -1748
-War of Austrian Succession.
-officially recognized Prussia as an important nation.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle -what were the two parts of the deal?: -Fredrick II could keep Silesia.
-Maria Theresa could keep her domain:
Austria, Hungary, & Bohemia.
What was the War of Austrian Succession? -who was involved? -how was it started & ended?: -Fredrick II/Prussia invaded AUS & took province of Silesia from Maria Theresa.
-Ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 after 7 years.
7-Years-War?: -1756-1763
-UK-vs-France for New World land
-Prussia-vs-Austria & rest of nations
-Ended w/ Treaty of Paris
After the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, what were the countries' alliances? Then, Maria Threresa changed sides to?: UK, Dutch, Austria-vs-France, Spain, Russia.
Maria Theresa switched from UK to France.
Which war concluded with Treaty of Paris?: 7-Years-War
What were the results from the Treaty of Paris?: -France gave to Great Britain:
- most of Canada
-land east of Mississippi
-Britain became leading power in India.
The most powerful Bourbon monarch?: Louis XVI
Jacque Bossuet: He was the leading church official in France during the 1600's.
French Subjects rights?: -no right to revolt against the crown,
-even if the king is unjust.
-the king is accountable only to God.
Versailles: The palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert: Louis XIV's Minister of Finance
Marquis de Louvois: Louis XIV's Minister of War
In 1685, what steps did Louis XIV take against the Huguenots?: -Repealed the Edict of Nantes.
-Protestants/Hugue's stop their religion.
-Children had to become Catholics.
-200,000 go to UK, Dutch, & colonies.
Charles II: -King of Spain, without an heir.
-Died 1700.
-Euro powers want to divide Spain.
Philip V, aka Philip of Anjou: -Louis XIV's grandson
-became king of Spain after Charles II left no heir,
-keeping the empire undivided.
War of the Spanish Succession: -1701-1713
-Begins when Philip V crowned king of Spain.
-UK, Dutch, AUS-vs-France & Spain
The Treaty of Utrecht 1713: -UK & Dutch agreed as long as France & Spain never united under one crown.
-UK gained trade w/ Spanish colonies.
-France gave UK: Nova Scotia & Newfoundland
-Financially ruined France.
Balance of Power: In international affairs, each nation helps keep peace by maintaining power that is equal to its rivals. So, one nation cannot overpower another nation.
The Third Balancing Nation: Re: balance of power, if one nation gets more powerful than the other, a third power will support the second nation.
England supported Spain against France.
Miguel de Cervantes: Wrote "Don Quixote."
Sea Dogs: English people who attacked ships and forts around the world.
Sir Frances Drake: The king of the Sea Dogs
Mary, Queen of Scots: Former Catholic queen of Scotland.
Fled to England, was beheaded by Elizabeth. He Protestant son, James VI became king of the United Kingdom.
Czar: Russian king or emperor.
Oprichniki: In 1500's, Ivan IV's secret police.
Boyars: The Russian nobles.
Many were traitorous to Ivan IV
and were stripped of their lands.
Michael Romanov: 17-year-old successor to throne
after Ivan IV.
First of the Romanov czar reign.
Cossacks: -Warrior pioneers
-from Ukraine
-self-governing villages.
Peter-the-Great: The man who brought Europe to Russia.
7' tall
St. Petersburg: The city built by Peter-the-Great.
Vitas Bering: Danish explorer who gave claimed the Bering Strait (between Siberia and Alaska)for Russia.
Holy Synod: A council of bishops responsible to
the government of Peter-the-Great.
Dvorianie: The new class of nobles were given
land in exchange for government
service, starting at age 15.
Serf: Peasant laborers who worked the
estates and were bound to the land.

The bottom of the pecking order. (fiefs)
Catherine II: "Catherine-the-Great", 1762.
Almost freed serfs, before an uprising. Expanded borders.
The last absolute monarch.
Henry IV: Rebuilt France.-restored crown's treasury
-repaired roads & bridges.
-supported trade & industry
-tried to restore discipline to the military,
-tried to bring order to gov't bureaucr
1598 Edict of Nantes --allowances:: It allowed Protestant worship to
continue in areas where the Protestants were a majority. Protestants &
Catholics have same civil rights.
Barred (according to the Edict of Nantes:: Protestant worship in Paris or
other Catholic strongholds.
Huguenots: French Protestants
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?: Was given complete control of the French government by Louis VII.
What happened to Henry IV? Who succeeded him to the throne?: He was assassinated.
His 9-year-old son, Louis VIII took the throne.
What did Cardinal Richelieu do to the nobles?: -took away power from the nobles.
-striped nobles of local functions
-destroyed their castles.
What powers did the nobles have before Richelieu?: -collected taxes
-administered justice
-appointed local officials
-made alliances with foreign government
Intendants: The special agents of the crown to whom Richelieu gave authority in local government affairs--while the nobles only retained their social positions.
1625 France: Radical Huguenots revolt.
1628 France: Cardinal Richelieu takes away Huguenots' rights to independent towns, but they get to keep their religious freedom.

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