Audiology speech perception

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Many Japanese ESL learners pronounce /l/ like /r/ because: they have no /l/ sound in Japanese. This is a phonemic difference
In english articles like a, an, the, this , that and noun endings indicating plurality have no counter parts in Chinese. This is a _________ difference?: morphological difference (no function words)
Research has found that infants can discriminate among vowels in their native language by what age? Consonants?: 6 months

11-12 months
Which of the following is NOT a perceptual constancy in speech perception a)vocal tract normalization b)catagorical perception c)speech rate normalization d)all are types of constancy: B catagorical perception is not
-perceptual constancy is our ability as listeners to recognize apeech sounds across different individual speakers
- catagorical perception is our trait as listeners of perceiving speech sounds in a continuum as discontinuous by differentiating among their distinctive features such as voiced vs non voiced
Which statement is correct regarding the acoustics of speech sound production & speech perception of listeners? a)speech production is linear but listeners perception runs sounds together B)Speech prod. & listener perception are both linear C) sp: C =speech sounds are coarticulated meaning the individual phonemes actually run together & even overlap when we hear them, our perception separates them into discrete units heard in a linear fashion. This enables up to differentiate among speech sounds to understand what is being said
At 2 years of age a child has about how many words: 200 words
At 4 years of age a child has about how many words?: 1800 and understands about 3000-4000
What is the earliest phase of speech development?: Babbling- growls,squeals, raspberries, vowel sounds

-canonical babbling rhythmic syllables bababbab
-expressive jargon- sounds like statements and questions but no recognizable words, may intersperse words until age 2
What do you expect language wise from a child by 6 mos of age?: vocalization with intonation
-responds to name
-responds to human voices w/o visual cues by turning head or eyes
-responds appropriately to friendly vs angry tones
-begins to babble at 6 mos
What do you expect for a 12 month child expressively?: to use 1 or more words with meaning.
-understands simple instructions
-practices inflection
-is aware of the social value of speech
What do you expect from an 18 month child expressively?: -has vocab of 5-20 words
-vocab is chiefly nouns
-some ecolalia (repeats speakers)
-much jargon with emotional content
-is able to follow simple commands
At 2 years of age a child should be able to ?: -use at least 2 prepositions (in, on, under )
-combines words into short sentences noun/verb combos
-know about 150-300 words
-rhythm & fluency poor
-volumn and pitch not well controlled yet
can use 2 pronouns correctly (I, Me, You)
-My and mine starting to emerge
-responds to commands like "show me"
By age 3 a child should be able to ?: -use some plurals & past tenses
-knows at least 3 prepositions (in on under)
-knows chief parts of bodies
-handles 3 word sentences easily
-vocab ! 900-1000 words
- ~ 90% of what is said is intelligible
-verbs begin to predominate
-should be able to give sex, name & age
A child by age 4 should be able to ?: -know names of familiar animals
-can use at least 4 prepositions
-name common objects in picture books
-knows 1 or more colors
-can repeat 4 digits when given slowly
-understands longer and larger
Earliest phonemes learned are?: /m,b,n,w,d,p,h/
Between age 3 to 5 acquire what additional phonemes?: /t,ing,k,g,f,v,ch,j/
last phonemes learned by children are?: /s,th,sh,z,l,r,/ not completely known until age 7 or 8
What is language?: a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought & communication. Rule governed behavior described by at least 5 parameters;
- phonologic,morphologic,
syntactic,semantic, pragmatic
pragmatics is: the study of language use
-the sociolinguistic conventions that guide our decisions about what to say to whom, how to say it when to say it.
Syntax is?: the linguistic conventions for organizing word order (formal term for grammer)

English - blue ball
french - balon blue
have different syntactic rules
phonology is: The study of sounds we use to make words
Morphology: internal organization of words
- a morpheme = the smallest grammatical unit that has meaning
Bird (free morpheme)
cannot be divided into parts that have meaning
bound morphine -birds the s
phonotactics are: rules that govern permissible sound combinations
blink is ok
but
bnick is not allowed in English
Semantics is?: the study of meaning
-the linguistic represnetation of objects ideas, feelings and events as well as the relations between these phenomena.
Lexicon: mental dictionary of words
- all morphemes a person knows
syllables: units of speech that consist of consonants & vowels or just a vowel
Prosody: change in pitch, stress, intensity & duration of sounds in connected speech production
-falling pitch- statement
rising pitch - question
stress: patterns distinguish between multiple meanings of some words
Contrast vs con trast
Manner of articulation is: different ways that speakers can block air flow through the aural cavity using different types of constrictions
-plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides
Place of articulation: where in the oral cavity sound is produced
- bilabial, labiodental, dental , alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Voicing: vibration of vocal cords or not

/p/ vs /b/
phonemes: Bee, Key tea difference in one sound B, K, T
Allophones: different production of same letter
the letter l in
light vs dull
phoneme allophone: sounds of a language that cause change in meaning

variants of a sound that sound different but do not change meaning
Hemispheric specialization: the two hemisphers are specialized in terms of types of information thy are most adept at processing
-left specialized for sequential functioning, dominant role for speech
-right - for holistic processing,dominant for race recognition, comprehension, expressing emotion, music
An important pathway for speech and lang is the ?: Arcuate fasciculus - connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area
-damage to this causes difficulty in repeating what is heard
-damage to this area produces aphasias
What is the power sourceo speech production?: Respiration - lungs, rib cage, air passage way and Diaphragm
The vocal folds move how?: they can be spread apart or Abducted
or pulled together or
adducted
by the action of muscles
-when vocal folds are abducted the gap between them is called the glottis which lets air flow in and out of the lungs
What is the bernoulli effect?: Elastic recoil or the myoelasticity refers to the tendency of soft tissue when deformed by some force (subglottal pressure) to rebound to its original shape when the force is removed
What is phonation?: vocal fold vibration & series of small puffs of air emerging between adducted vocal folds sounds like a hum
The vocal folds lie across the ___ and act like a valve in addition to creating sound they also ?: Larynx
protect the lungs from accidental inhalation of foreign matter
-when we swallow the vocal folds close tightly and the epiglottis folds down to cover vocal folds
What is articulation?: the process by which different speech sounds are produced by changes in the vocal tract
the vocal tract is made up of ?: a series of interconnected tubes from larynx to the openig of the mouth & nose
-the oral cavity extends from the lips to the back of the throat
-the nasal cavity extends from the opening from the nares to the velopharynx
Source filter theory: Explains how respiration, phonation, & articulation operate together
-respiratory system = power source
-the phonatory system = the primary sound source for speech
-frication or noise is also source of sound is produced when air flow is forced through a narrow opening, such as between various articulators as tongue & alveolar ridge
-noise is also produced when air pressure is built up & released.
The articulatory system is the sound filter for speech which means that the sound sources are modulated into distinctly different speech sounds in the vocal tract
Phonetics: the study of speech sounds sometimes called segments
-they are the consonants and vowels we produce in sequence to make words
-words are produced in sequence to make phrases. At these levels we create different emphasis such as stress or intonation
-these additions are called suprasegmentals or prosodic effects
Supra segmentals produced by: -modulating loudness
-modulating pitch
-modulating duration of the sound
What is coarticulation?: is the simultaneous production of 2 sequential sounds
-in many cases production of one segment overlaps with production of the following sound creating an auditory blend of 2 sounds at the boundary or transition
Errors in form ?: "the block falled down"

"I play the truck"
Content errors: "The ball is on the table" (when the ball is under the table)
Use errors: Children's errors that interfere with social appropriateness
-children may interrupt, fail to contribute to conversation, change topic under discussion
Language disorders are often catagorized according to cause... Factors that play a role?: -central processing factors
-peripheral factors
-environmental and emotional factors
2 risk factors that are predictive of later language disorders in infants & toddlers are?: -low frequency vocalization
-lack of syllable productions/babbling
also
extensive use of gesture in absence of vocalization
Intervention in Educational settings and Individuals with disabilities act mandate what?: require early identification and intervention services for children from birth to 36 months
-emphasize the provision of services designed to help families address special need within the context of family
SLPs use standardized tests to determine how child compares to peers. some tess are: -Preschool Language Scale 4 (PLS-4)
-Clinical evaluation of Language Fundamentals preschool 2 (CELF-P-2)
-Test of Language Development 4 Primary (TOLD P-$)
Why was the IEP created?: Individualized Education Program created to make important decisions regarding what constitutes a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment for each individual child with a disability .
Drafted by a team
SLPs focus on 3 critical aspect of lang development during the primary grades they are?: complex sentences
narration
literacy
3 aspects of lang development for sceondary grades focused on by SLPs?: subject specific vocabulary
expository texts
metacognitive strategies
SLPs typically examine 3 aspects of language development they are?: Form- structure,syntax,morphology and phonology
Content- meaning or semantics
Use- social aspects of language /pragmatics
By age 5 a child should be able to ?: -use many descriptive words
-know common opposites
-soft, heavy, light
-can count to 10
-speech completely intelligible
-can repeat sentences as long as 9 words
-able to follow three commands given w/o interruptions
-should know age
-should have time concepts
-tomorrow, yesterday , today
-speech generally grammatically correct
A child by 6 years of age should be able to ?: Should be able to tell one a rather connected story about a picture seeing relationships between objects and happenings
When to call the pediatrician for language development?: If child doesn't babble or imitate any sounds by his seventh month
the over estimate for speech and language disorders is widely agreed to be: 5% of school aged children.
- this includes voice disorders (3%) and stuttering (1%)
-the incidence of elementary school children who exhibit delayed phonological (articulation) development is 2% to 3% although the percentage decreases steadily with age.
estimates of hearing impairments vary , on figure is ___ %. of this number ___to __ % require some type of special education: 5% of school age children wiht hearing levels outside the normal range

10 to 20%
Approximately 1/3 of students who are deaf attend ____ ____: residential schools
___ of deaf students attend day programs in schools for students who are deaf or day classes located in regular schools.: 2/3s
A child with language delays may presnet a variety of characteristics such as:: -inability to follow directions
-slow or incomprehensible speech
-pronounced difficulties in syntax and articulation
Stuttering or dysfluency is a disorder of speech flow that most often appears between what ages?: 3 and 4 yrs old
which of the following accurately lists the typical hierarchy of phonetic features in order from easiest to most difficult to distinguish by persons with hearing impairments a)frication, place, duration, voicing b)fric, voic, place, duration c)d: D)
Voicing entails an increase in intensity great enough for many people to distinguish, it is the easiest feature to distinguish. Differences in duration can be distinguished by visual cues,frication and to an even greater extent place distinctions are not easily visible and occur at high frequencies that are generally less intense than lower frequencies
For which of the following speech recognition materials is the steepest rise in performance intensity function expected? a)Nonsense syllable b)phonetically balanced 50 c)CID w 22 d)synthetic sentences e) NU 6: D)
performance level rises most steeply with small increases in intensity when the speech sample is large and provides some context. This is true of synthetic sentences, even though they do not provide as much context as natural sentences. In addition the synthetic sentence test allows the subject to pick out a word from a list which provides additional clues

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